Sentences & Verb tenses & Readings Sergio Pizziconi

Plan of the day Review A survey on made-in-Italy abroad Tomorrow, bring a spilletta to class Plan of the day Review A survey on made-in-Italy abroad Relative clauses Personal and possessive pronouns Verb tenses Readings Plan EXTRA-CLASS work: Read Chp 2 cases 1 (AMWAY) and 5 (BIC) [MARK relative clauses] Keep on working on your CVs and cover letter [try to make the sample letter in the text-book YOUR OWN letter] Keep working on your project.

Review: Phonology 1/1 Vowels: exercises from /i/ to /a/ and from /u/ to /ɒ/ (lowering your jaw) from /i/ to /u/ mind driven; puff of air (see IPA chart). // Where accent falls is relevant: 1) OBject (n.) – obJECT (v.), 2) if lost, stress the first syllable, you’re likely to sound right. // Stress movement shortens/weakens previously stressed vowels (also in writing): proNOUNce  pronunCIAtion // This Miss /s/ unvoiced These Ms. /z/ voiced// “gh” mute (though, thought) OR /f/ (rough, tough)

Review: Morphology 1/1 Datum (sing.) Data (pl.) ADJ+lyADV; N+lyADJ // V+er N(s.o./s.t. does V) // To+N(and most words)V (googleto google; wowto wow) // V + ance/ence  N (differ+ence, perfom+ance) // Help+less antonym help+ful // Adj+ en  V (to make s.o./s.t Adj) // Adj(max2syll.) + er  Adj (comparative: more Adj) Adj(max2syll.) + est  Adj (superlative: most Adj) BUT: good – better – best; bad – worse – worst // Singular: Thesis, Analysis, Hypothesis, Axis /s/ unvoiced Plural: Theses, Analyses, Hypotheses Axes /z/ voiced // Datum (sing.) Data (pl.) Criterion, phenomenon (sing.) Criteria, phenomena (pl.)

Review: Syntax 1 WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion RIGHT: ???? Verbs: transitive Vs. intransitive (Direct object, Indirect object, Oblique object)// passive Vs. active (mentioned)// AUXILIARY verb for the perfect tenses (actually, aspect) ALWAYS to have (e.g., Things have changed) BUT: passive voice (e.g., Rules were changed by the CEO) or few constructions (e.g., are you finished?) // Phrasal verbs. Verb+ ADV or Prep. To bring about = to cause, to engender (causare, determinare) // Typical declarative sentence structure: Subj + Verb +….. Typical negative: Subject + do/does/did + not+ V(base form) Typical question: Do/Does/Did + Subject + V(base form) N.B. When some sort of auxiliary is already in the sentence USE IT instead of adding to do Emphatic statement Subj +do/does/did +V(base form) // What brings about unemployement? (what = SUBJECT) What does unemployment bring about? (what = ????) WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion RIGHT: ????

Review: Syntax 2 Skoda is…, Italy/France/Japan is… [WITHOUT article] BUT The United States of America, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands // Once upon a time there was a small village in the country. The village was… [see vignette below] In light of (mainly US) In the light of (mainly UK) [see FOEs for possessive case and article]// TRANSITIVE: to raise (raised – raised); to lay (laid – laid) INTRANSITIVE: to rise (rose – risen); to lie (lay – lain) (lying) N.B.: to lie (to say something untrue) (lied – lied) (lying)

Review: Syntax 3 I want TO focus/analyze I would like TO focus/analyze Syntax: Modal verbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could, might, would, should + BARE INFINITIVE (without to) Interrogative: MODAL + Subj + BARE INFINITIVE (must I go?) Negative: Subj + MODAL + not + BARE INFINITE (I mustn’t go, I cannot go OR I can’t go, I won’t go) They do not take to before or after: WRONG To may, to must, to could… WRONG WRONG I can to go, you may to talk… WRONG They do not take –s for 3° person singular WRONG he cans do, she mays do… WRONG They have no tense it’s a matter of distance from reality: Next year, I am/will be/can be/ may be/could be/might be in the UK I want TO focus/analyze I would like TO focus/analyze

V (D.O.) (I.O.) S (Att) Review: syntax 4 Links within the text Circumstances Textual markers Links within the text On what condition? (D.O.) (I.O.) S V How? Why? (Att) Where? When? About the relation between interlocutors General structure of the sentence

Review: Syntax 5 What sentence constituent is the underlined subordinate clause replacing? I think (that) you can do excellent projects Io penso che … Can you replace “that” (“che”) with “which” (“il/la/i/le quale/i”)? What’s the difference between the two uses of “honestly” below? Honestly, I don’t think you can win the game I don’t think you can honestly win the game D.O. replacing subordinate clause Discourse Marker (relation to interlocutors) Vs. Circumstance

Review: Syntax 6 Basic relative clauses A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase We have already sold the books that we received XXXX yesterday XXXX were delivered yesterday A relative pronoun A clause with a missing element A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase A relative pronoun A clause with a missing element

Review: Syntax 7 Omitted relative pronoun: From AMWAY: These distributors sell to people [that/whom] they know or meet. Whiz (omitted which and auxiliary to be): From BIC: Most large companies produce a variety of goods and services XXX XXX [which are] designed to meet customers’ needs… Fused relative pronoun: From BIC: This case study shows how [the way in which] BIC understands product life cycles Other details about relative clauses

Review: Pragmatics 1/1 Pragmatics: Do not pick on students or class fellows. //“See you later.”// Language varies across jobs. //Think it over before saying “No, this is wrong” Recommended: “Very interesting point/question. Let me point out though that…” or some sort of hedging (softening expression).// FORMAL: Dr. Pizziconi, your course is interesting [NOT: his/her]. INFORMAL: Sergio, your course is interesting. {“On a first name basis” “May I call you Sergio?”}.// How is it going? How (are) you doing? What’s up? Wassup? Sup?  It’s always Good.// Expectation of truthful statement. // Lag time between turns: When asking for questions, wait for a longer time.// Greetings (see next slide)//

Review: Pragmatics (Appendix) Informal Formal Greetings Sup? Wassup? What’s up? How you doing? How is it going? How are you doing? Good morning/afternoon/evening Intro “ (very) nice/glad/pleased to meet you! How do you do? Parting after first meeting (very) nice/glad/pleased meeting you!

Review: Tools 1/1 Tools: www.thefreedictionary.com Also, the financial and legal dictionaries within and the Idioms section. // Check for the frequency of sentences googling them in quotes “……..” // Semantics of prototypes // Google advanced search: with pdf and site: .edu (US universities) or .ac.edu (UK universities) SUNECO’s library’s link to “online sources” (Open access journals)

FOEs 1/4 - Information (uncountable: much information NOT many informations , NOT an information) Economy Vs Economics Security (against criminal actions) Vs Safety (against dangerous actions) Across (time, space whether real or abstract) Vs Through (space; means/tool) - Frequent (a bar, a restaurant) Vs attend (a course/program/school) I study English Vs I study the English language Aim/Attempt at (+ N; V-ing) OR to (+ V-base form) - A + consonant sound! OR pronounced h : a house, a university An + vowel sound! OR mute h: an unpredictable even, an hour.

FOEs 2/4 - I’m graduated FROM Aversa high school I graduated FROM/AT Aversa high school - Such as (listing examples) as (in the function of) - Comparison and manner: As (+entire clause) like (+noun) Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the US. In fact it’s the largest (A dire il vero) Industry usually means productive sector. Plant, factory (are the words for the place where things are manufactured) When a word is not used because of its meaning but as a word to be dealt with, mark it somehow: The verb can expresses…; The verb “can” expresses…; The verb can expresses

FOEs 3/4 What’s wrong in the sentence below? Is more correct to use “may” to mean permission. You need a subject! Io sono d’accordo  I agree with+N/ to +Vbase form (clause)…. [NOT: I am agree] A Facebook page is/isn’t useful to keep in touch [NOT for to keep in touch] Possessive case: The doctor’s house Vs X Dr. Smith’s house The consumer’s choice Vs The consumers’ choice BUT The child’s toy Vs The children’s toy BUT X Giordano’s book Vs The Giordano book

FOEs 4/4 (charts) April May June IN June ON May 23rd DURING the month Fall – fell – fallen WRONG: his trend is regular RIGHT: ???? ITA: media  ENG: mean (on average) Price varies according to volume WRONG: It is steadily for the first part RIGHT: It is steady. It levels steadily. It is steadily high. WRONG: After there is a slowly fall RIGHT: ???? WRONG: Before it varies RIGHT: ???? PREPOSITIONS April May June IN June ON May 23rd DURING the month AT the end of June

Survey on made-in-Italy abroad A study by Walter Giordano, Laura Di Ferrante and I (OR myself) 5 Italian products marketed abroad. Stage 1: survey on the qualities of made-in-Italy products https://it.surveymonkey.com/s/LSWABC14

Refresh: Relative clauses Try to figure out what the pair below has to do with relative clauses: Restrictive Vs Non-restrictive The car that is parked in front of the department is mine My car, which is parked in front of the department, is a FIAT

Possessive My Your His Her Its Our Their Luke’s mine yours his hers theirs Tony’s car is affordable is expensive

Verb tenses 1 Past (simple) Non-past: present (simple) NOW Past I go to school tomorrow I go to school everyday In 1776 the USA declare their independence Past (simple) Non-past: present (simple) NOW Past Non-Past

Verb tenses 2 NOW Past Non-Past Futurity: Past (simple) I go to school tomorrow I am going to school tomorrow I’m going to go to school tomorrow I will go to school tomorrow Past (simple) Non-past: present (simple) NOW Past Non-Past

Verb tenses…actually aspects 3 They usually refer to a habitual action: I go to school [as my main activity today] I went to school last year [as my main activity then] Past (simple) Non-past: present (simple) To remark habits in the past: I used to go to school last year I would go to school everyday NOW Past Non-Past

Verb tenses…actually aspects 4 Simple Continuous/Progressive Habitual process On-going process: To be + V-ing Their price is decreasing When I bought the shares, their price was decreasing Their price will be decreasing NOW

Verb tenses…actually aspects 5 Simple Continuous/Progressive Perfect Habitual process On-going: To be + V-ing Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed I have started this project two weeks ago When you will be back, they will have finished the project The deadline was yesterday but I had started the project two months ago NOW

Verb tenses…actually aspects 6 Simple Continuous/Progressive Perfect Habitual process On-going: To be + V-ing Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed I have started this project two weeks ago When you will be back, they will have finished the project The deadline was yesterday but I had started the project two months ago NOW I started the project two months ago because the deadline was yesterday

Duration form 7 NOW Simple Continuous/Progressive Perfect Perfect continuous Habitual process On-going: To be + V-ing Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed Some link with present and on-going : To have + BEEN + V-ing I have been working on this project for four weeks I have been working on this project since last month (2013) NOW BUT: I have known you all since March 10th

MUSTs & MUST-NOTs MINIMUM MUSTs MUST rephrase MUST cite sources MUST circumscribe your scope MUSTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment MUST carry out YOUR OWN analysis MINIMUM MUST-NOTs MUST NOT copy and paste MUST NOT hide sources MUST NOT write your paper in the slides MUST-NOTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment MUST NOT just repeat what other scholars wrote

In-class activity 3 lines: explain the connection between Sonic’s campaign and BIC product life cycle strategy TV Intro - Cheers (USA, 1982-1993) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1irjgfMC3A Sonic premium beef hot dogs accents https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWOzuvdZ6J8