ADOLESCENCE: Emotional And Social Development Chapter 12 ADOLESCENCE: Emotional And Social Development

Development of Identity

Hall Hall’s Portrayal of “Storm and Stress” Characterized by inevitable turmoil, maladjustment, tension, rebellion, dependency conflicts, and exaggerated peer-group conformity

Sullivan Interpersonal Theory of Development Preadolescence: need for intimate relationship with same-sex playmate Early Adolescence: need for sexual satisfaction, personal intimacy and personal security Late Adolescence: satisfying sexual needs and a sexually and personally intimate relationship

Erikson The “Crisis” of Adolescence Consists of the search for identity. Identity diffusion: lack of ability to commit oneself to occupation or station in life Negative identity: debased self-image and social role Deviant identity: Lifestyle at odds with the values and expectations of society

Marcia Four types of identity formation 1. Identity diffusion 2. Identity foreclosure 3. Identity moratorium 4. Identity achievement

Cultural Aspects Puberty Rites: Initiation ceremonies that socially symbolize the transition from childhood to adulthood. Less obvious in Western countries Adolescence: Not Necessarily Stormy or Stressful? Bandura: Only for 10% of adolescents

Carol Gilligan Adolescent Girls and Self-Esteem Women’s model of self: collectivist, ensembled or connected Men’s model of self: individualist, independent or autonomous Girls begin to doubt the authority of their own inner voices.

Mary Pipher Identity Formation in Adolescent Girls Culture is destroying the identity and self esteem of many adolescent girls.

Michael Gurian Identity Formation in Boys Boys need a primary and extended family, relationships with mentors and intense support from school and community.

Peers and Family

Youth Culture The Adolescent Peer Group Youth culture: standardized ways of thinking, feeling and acting that are characteristic of a large body of young people.

Consciousness of oneness Sympathetic identification in which group members feel that their inner experiences and emotional reactions are similar

Status Obtaining high status in today’s adolescent society Ability to project an air of confidence in one’s essential masculinity or femininity Ability to deliver a smooth performance in a variety of situations and settings.

Adolescents and Their Families Influence in Different Realms of Behavior Parents: finances, education and career plans Peers: dress, personal adornment, dating, drinking, music and entertainment Shift in the Family Power Equation Adolescents and Their Mothers

Courtship, Love and Sexuality

Courtship, Love and Sexuality Three images: 1. Public health/preventive medicine perspective 2. Conservative moral view 3. Conservative economic approach

Differing Behavioral Patterns Higher rates of sexual intercourse for adolescents in single-parent families Less parental supervision Single parents date; sexual behavior as role model for teens Divorced parents: more permissive attitudes about sex

Courtship Changes in dating behaviors

Love Some societies do not believe in romantic love. Some psychologists: romantic love a state of physiological arousal that individuals define as love. Leibowitz: love has a unique chemical basis.

Sexual Attitudes and Behavior Development of Sexual Behavior Adolescent Sexual Expression

Sexual Activity Rates Increased through the 80’s, plateaued in the early 90’s, declined through 1997 Multiple Sex Partners Percentage decreased overall

Teenage Pregnancy 1 of every 10 teenaged girls becomes pregnant. Mixed messages about contraception Why Do Teenagers Become Pregnant? Most teenagers seek contraceptive care one year after first sexual activity.

Teenage Pregnancy The Young Teen Mother Sex Education, “Safe Sex” and Contraception Abortion

Sexual Orientation One in four enter adolescence unsure of their sexual orientation. By 18, most deem themselves heterosexual or homosexual. Difficult adolescence for homosexuals

Career Development and Vocational Choice

World of Work Preparing for the World of Work Adolescents ill-prepared for making vocational decisions Changing Employment Trends in the U.S. Young Americans without skills and often those with them, cannot count on a decent job.

Balancing School and Work 20 or more hours a week: more stress Dropping out of High School Rate between 11 to 23%

Risky Behaviors

Alcohol and Drugs Social Drinking and Drug Abuse Drug abuse: excessive or compulsive use of chemical agents; interferes with health, social or vocational functioning and functioning of society.

Binge Drinking Downing five or more drinks in a row for men Four or more for women

Why do Teens Use Drugs? Recreational use central to many adolescent peer groups Teenage Suicide Third leading cause of death among adolescents

Teenage Suicide Risk factors Depression: characterized by prolonged feelings of gloom, despair, futility, profound pessimism and tendency toward guilt and self-reproach.

Suicide Prevention Strongest risk factor: firearm at home Treatment with psychotherapy and antidepressants

Antisocial Behaviors Families and neighbors hold the keys to cutting crime. Violence and Age Young people 12-17 are the most frequent victims of violent crime in the U.S.