Section 4: The Enlightenment CHAPTER 11 Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Section 3: English Colonial Expansion Section 4: The Enlightenment Section 5: The American Revolution

SECTION 4 The Enlightenment Bell Ringer 11.4: Create a chart that details the beliefs of Enlightenment philosophers. Diderot Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau

Chapter 11 Section 4 Path to the Enlightenment A. The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement. The Enlightenment philosophers hoped to make a better society by applying the scientific method and reason to social problems.

SECTION 4 The Enlightenment Diderot

C. Enlightenment philosophers most famous and ambitious project was The Encyclopedia, a sort of handbook describing the ideas of the Enlightenment that became the most famous publication of the period. The Encyclopedia was edited by philosopher Denis Diderot. He published the first edition in 28 volumes between 1751 and 1772.

B. Enlightenment philosophers. thought that society was B. Enlightenment philosophers thought that society was governed by natural laws. This belief that truth can be determined solely by logical thinking was called rationalism.

Philosophes and Their Ideas A. Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws, he studied governments to find the natural laws governing social and political relationships. He identified three kinds of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies.

SECTION 4 The Enlightenment Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws 1748

B. Republic- form of government in which the B. Republic- form of government in which the leader is elected by the people. Despotism- form of government in which the leader has absolute power, such as a military dictator. Monarchy- form of government in which the leader is appointed through royal blood lines.

C. Montesquieu argued that. government functioned best C. Montesquieu argued that government functioned best through a separation of powers (executive, legislative, and judicial) controlled by checks and balances. This structure gives the greatest freedom and security to the state. Montesquieu’s ideas influenced the American framers of the Constitution.

D. The greatest figure of the. Enlightenment was Voltaire D. The greatest figure of the Enlightenment was Voltaire. Voltaire was best known for his criticism of Christianity. Voltaire championed deism, a religious philosophy based on reason and natural law.

Voltaire Mr. Enlightenment The Enlightenment SECTION 4 Champion of religious freedom & freedom of thought

E. Deist believed that God created E. Deist believed that God created the world through established natural laws, and then let it run without his intervention. Voltaire became famous as a champion of religious freedom, freedom of thought, and freedom of speech.

Toward a New Social Science A. The Enlightenment’s beliefs created new social sciences, such as economics and political science. Jean-Jacques Rousseau published The Social Contract. He wrote that good government must be based on popular sovereignty. By this he meant that government must be created by and controlled by the people.

Rousseau The Social Contract SECTION 4 The Enlightenment Rousseau The Social Contract People are naturally good …. The idea of popular sovereignty

B. Philosopher Adam Smith founded modern. economics B. Philosopher Adam Smith founded modern economics. He believed that if people were free to pursue their economic self-interest, all of society would benefit. Smith developed the term laissez-faire “allow to do” or “hands-off,” which argued that government should not interfere with the natural economic process.

C. Adam Smith expressed his. beliefs about economics in his C. Adam Smith expressed his beliefs about economics in his work The Wealth of Nations. Smith said that government had three purposes: 1. protect society from invasion (army) 2. defend citizens from injustice (police) 3. maintain public works (roads)

Mary Wollstonecraft The Enlightenment SECTION 4 Founding feminist philosopher A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)

The Enlightenment SECTION 4 Diderot Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau edited Encyclopedia, criticized society wrote Spirit of the Laws, described “perfect” government; Checks & balances wrote Candide, championed freedom of thought and religion wrote The Social Contract, believed in popular sovereignty