1789-1799

Causes of the French Revolution Bad Harvests (1780s) Rising Food Prices Inadequate transportation network

Causes of the French Revolution Fiscal Crisis *ineffective taxation system *debt from Wars (Seven Years’ War + American Revolutionary War

Ancien Regime – 3 Estates Causes: Ancien Regime Ancien Regime – 3 Estates 1st Estate – Catholic Clergy (130,000) 2nd Estate – French Nobility (300,000) 3rd Estate – The rest of the French Population (Bourgeoisie Urban/rural middle class Urban poor/peasants)

Ancien Regime

Causes: Ineffectiveness of Louis XVI Extravagant lifestyle in Versailles *removed and indecisive Proposed tax reforms (land tax) – refused by the Assembly of Notables Call for Estates- General (May 1789) – first time since 1614 / weakness of Bourbon monarchy!

Causes: Popularity of the Enlightenment Ideas Natural Rights Republicanism Liberalism Religious Tolerance Feminism

Causes: Social Tensions within French Society Bourgeoisie vs. Nobility Peasants vs. Nobles General resentment toward: - power and influence of the Catholic Church - inequalities of Ancien Regime "This will not long endure." ["Ça ne durera pas toujours"]

1789 – Major Events Leading up to the Storming of Bastille *Assembly of Notables - refused land tax *Meeting of the Estates – General - reps from each estate (old rule: 1 vote per estate) *The Tennis Court Oath (reps from the 3rd estate + some from the first two) - Goal: To write a new constitution - Declared themselves The National Assembly *Soldiers in Paris (mostly foreign mercenaries)  Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

1789 -“The Great Fear” and End of Feudalism Storming of the Bastille Sporadic violence and peasant uprisings throughout France National Assembly abolishes privileges and tithes Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (statement of revolutionary principles)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Fundamental document of the Revolution Reflects ideas of the Enlightenment, such as: *Natural rights *Popular sovereignty *Individual freedoms (speech and press)

The Women's March on Versailles Poor harvests of 1789  shortages of grain Traditional view: “Father of the People” will provide for his flock Louis XVI and his family – forced to return to Paris and recognize the National Assembly

Decline of the Church's Power Prior to the revolution *1st Estate – 130,000 members *Largest landowner in France *Collected tithes (10% tax) (resented by Protestants and Enlightenment thinkers, like Voltaire)

Decline of the Church (cont.) Reforms under the National Assembly’s Constitution: *All Church property – “disposal of the nation” (nationalized) *Abolishment of tithes, monastic vows, and religious orders *Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) – clergy=“employee of the state” (conflict for the clergy over their “loyalty oath”) “The Patriotic De-Fattening Machine”

Foreign Threat Revolution perceived as a threat to European absolutist monarchies Louis XVI with the moderates – unlikely alliance – different motivations (strengthen the king/army vs. exporting revolution) France at war with Austria and Prussia (eventually the Dutch and the British join the anti-French alliance)

June 1791 – The Royal Flight Royal family flees Paris – caught at Varennes (5 mi. from the border) Brought back to Paris Louis XVI signs a new constitution *Weak constitutional monarchy!!!

Legislative Assembly Conservatives vs. centrists (moderates) vs. radicals Radicals’ support grows after Louis’ failed escape Jan.1793 – Louis XVI executed Continued war = increase in food prices (anger by sans- culottes) The French Republic – 1792- year 1 (Cult of Reason, etc.)

The Radical Phase – The Reign of Terror (1793-1794) Rise of Jacobin radicals (The Mountain – Maximilian Robespierre) Execution of “Enemies of the Revolution” (Committee of Public Safety) Counter-reaction (Robespierre loses support – guillotined)

The Directory (1795-1799) and the Thermidorian Reaction New constitution of 1795 (conservative pushback) *Limited (property) suffrage instead of universal suffrage *Establishes the Directory The Directory – ineffective and corrupt social unrest  use of army Napoleon comes to power - END OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Napoleon Bonaparte 1799 – Consulship (first consul of the Republic) 1804 – Decline of republicanism / declares himself an emperor Reforms: *The Napoleonic Code *The Concordat *Reforms in tax code, higher education, urban infrastructure *Established Central Bank *Emancipation of Jews *Limits on personal freedoms (freedom of press no more!) Popular authoritarianism!!!

The French Empire – Napoleonic Wars Successes in Prussia and Austria (early 1800s) The Continental System – commercial boycott of Britain Peninsular War – against Spain and Portugal 1812 –Invasion of Russia (big disaster!) Exile to Elba Escape = 100 days Final defeat – The Battle of Waterloo (1814) Exile to St.Helena

Legacy of the Revolution “Dawn of the modern era” Decrease in the power of aristocracy and the Church Influence of the Enlightenment ideas (republicanism) Challenge to absolutism Inspired other revolutions "Liberty leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix, 1830

Timeline of the French Revolution

Work Cited: Slide 1: http://edu.glogster.com/media/4/27/26/97/27269711.jpg Slide 2: http://learnearnandreturn.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/imgsrv.jpeg Slide 3: http://www.twcenter.net/forums/showthread.php?t=125658 Slide 4: http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3b50000/3b51000/3b51500/3b51557r.jpg http://general-history.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/ancien-regime.jpg Slide 5: http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchimages/165.jpg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Ish7688voT0/TLb20E8K2kI/AAAAAAAACu0/btdetXWoP5c/s1600/429px-Ludvig_XVI_av_Frankrike_portr%C3%A4tterad_av_AF_Callet.jpg Slide 6: http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/2c/images/1775GeoffrinSalonIdent$Fr485pxw.jpg Slide 7: http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/spielmag/docs/legrandsiecle/lgs4.htm Slide 8: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151/French%20Revolution%20II/album/slides/old%20regime%20not%20long%20to%20endure.jpg Slide 9: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151/French%20Revolution%20II/album/index.html Slide 10: http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/98/90498-004-CEB880DC.jpg http://weissworldhistory.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/tiers-etat.jpg Slide 11: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg Slide 12: http://www.historywiz.com/images/frenchrevolution/womensmarch1.jpg Slide 13: http://unamsanctamcatholicam.blogspot.com/2007/09/myth-of- ignorant-priests.html http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YIQJvLNdNK8/TtFYaRYXiRI/AAAAAAAABM8/YCR2t0PlJLA/s1600/three+estates+caricature.jpg Slide 15: http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/27567ddb73a00a9dc3846838d17812b9_1M.png and http://www.imperialtometric.com/Edition/batailles/Sections/Battle_of_Valmy.jpg Slide 16: Slide 17: http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/french/robes.jpg and Slide 18: http://bastille-day.com/media/Robespierre.jpg Slide 21: http://www.oocities.org/eurohist1916/eurohistory/APFrenchRevolution.htm