WARM UP FOR MONDAY! On your warm up sheet answer the following questions: What is culture? What branch of geography does culture fall under? (You should know this from a previous chapter!)

The World’s People Culture

What is Culture? Culture is the set of beliefs, values, and practices that a group of people has in common. Includes aspects of life, such as: Language Religion Clothing Food

Culture Traits A culture trait is an activity or behavior in which people often take part. Some culture traits are shared around the world. Some culture traits change from place to place. (Ex- how people around the world eat)

Development of Culture Culture traits are often learned or passed down from one generation to the next. Within families as traditions, foods, or holiday customs Laws and moral codes within societies Cultures develop as people learn new culture traits. Immigrants who move to a new country Other factors, such as history and environment, also affect how cultures develop.

Culture Groups A culture region is an area in which people have many shared culture traits, such as religious beliefs, language, or lifestyle. A single culture region can dominate an entire country. A single country may include more than one culture region within its borders. A culture region may stretch across country borders.

Examples of Culture Regions A single culture region can dominate an entire country. In Japan, nearly everyone speaks the same languages and follows the same practices such as bowing as a sign of respect A single country may include more than one culture regions within its borders. In Mexico, Northern Mexico tends to be more modern and the South is more traditional A culture region may cross country borders. Arab culture dominates much of Southwest Asia and Northern Africa.

Cultural Diversity Often, culture regions are based on ethnic groups— groups of people who share a common culture and ancestry. Cultural diversity is the state of having a variety of cultures in the same area. Creates an interesting mix of ideas, behaviors, and practices Can sometimes lead to conflict

Changes in Culture Two major causes for cultural change Innovation- a new idea or way of doing something Ex- Invention of the telephone changed how people communicated with other people. Internet changed the way people fin information, communicate, shop, etc. Contact with other people

How Ideas Spread The spread of culture traits from one region to another is called cultural diffusion. Occurs when people move from one place to another Takes place as new ideas spread from place to place

Rap

Population

The study of population patterns helps geographers learn about the world. Population, or the total number of people in a given area, determines a great deal about the place in which a person lives. Influences business, transportation, schools, and more Geographers study human population Interested in patterns that emerge over time Study information such as how many people live in an area, why people live where they do, and how populations change

Population Patterns Population Density Population density —a measure of the number of people living in an area High population density areas Land more expensive Roads crowded Buildings taller Low population density areas More open spaces Less traffic More available land POPULATION DENSITY=PER SQUARE MILE

Population Patterns Where People Live When an area is thinly populated, it is often because the land does not provide a very good life. Rugged mountains Harsh deserts Polar regions Areas with denser populations tend to be regions with fertile soil, reliable sources of water, and a good agricultural climate.

Urban Cities with large populations Land is used for taller buildings Nashville, Memphis, New York City Land is used for taller buildings Many people live in apartments People use public transportation like busses and subways

Suburban Outside of urban areas Medium populations Most people live in houses Land is used for businesses and shopping centers People use cars for transportation

Rural Areas with large amounts of land and low populations Can be farms, deserts, or forests Land is used for growing crops or hunting People must use cars because of their distance from other locations

New York vs. West Tennessee

Population statistics Geographers examine three key statistics to learn about population changes. Birthrate —the annual number of births per 1,000 people Death rate —the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people Rate of natural increase —the birthrate minus the death rate equals the percentage of natural increase, or the rate at which a population is changing.

Population statistics Population growth rates differ from one place to another. In some countries, populations are growing very slowly or even shrinking. In most countries, populations are growing. In countries with growing populations, governments face many challenges.

Migration Migration is the process of moving from one place to live in another. A common cause of population change People migrate for many reasons. Some factors push people to leave their country. Some factors pull, or attract, people to new countries.

World Population Trends Earth’s population has exploded in the last 200 years Better health care Improved food production Two important population trends: Population growth in some of the more industrialized nations has begun to slow. Less industrialized nations often have high growth rates.

World Population Trends

World Population Trends Which country has the largest population? How does the United States’ population compare to the population of china?

Main Idea 2: Different economic activities and systems exist throughout the world. The economy is a system that includes all of the activities that people and businesses do to earn a living. Countries use a mix of different economic activities and systems. Geographers divide economic activities into four levels.

Four Levels of Economic Activity People earn a living by providing raw materials or natural resources to others. Examples include farming, fishing, and mining Primary industry Use natural resources or raw materials to manufacture other products Example: automobile manufacturers use steel and other materials to build cars and trucks. Secondary industry Goods and services are exchanged Includes people who sell the products made in secondary industries and people who provide services rather than goods, such as health care Tertiary industry Involves the research and distribution of information People work with information rather than goods and often have specialized knowledge and skills. Quaternary industry

Economic Systems Traditional Economy Market Economy Command Economy System in which people grow their own food and make their own goods Trade may take place through barter, or the exchange of goods without the use of money. Often found in rural and remote communities Market Economy System based on private ownership, free trade, and competition Individuals and businesses are free to buy and sell what they wish. Prices determined by the supply and demand for goods Sometimes called capitalism Command Economy System in which the central government makes all economic decisions Government decides what goods to produce, how much to produce, and what prices will be. Communist governments own and control most businesses in their countries.

The World’s People Types of Governments

Government Includes all parts of culture that have to do with government, laws, rules, and national structures. Five main types of governments

Dictatorship A single leader has absolute control and unrestricted power. Leader may use force to control population

Monarchy This is the oldest form of government. Leader is determined through family lines. The leader is in this position for life.

Myanmar propoganda sign Oligarchy The people are ruled by a powerful few. Leaders are usually members of wealthy families or the military. Myanmar propoganda sign

Autocracy This type of government is the opposite of a democracy. The power rests in the control of one person, who operates under some kind of structured government.

Democracy In this type of government leaders are usually elected by the people. Citizens who are eligible to vote have a say in how the government works

Theocracy Political system governed by representatives of a certain religion. Iran is sometimes classified as this type of government.

Main Idea 3: Geographers group the countries of the world based on their level of economic development. Economic Indicators Measures of a country’s wealth used by geographers to decide if a country is developed or developing One measure used is gross domestic product (GDP)—the value of all goods and services produced within a country in a single year. Other indicators include a country’s per capita GDP, level of industrialization, and overall quality of life. Developed and Developing Countries Developed countries have strong economies and a high quality of life; usually have high per capita GDP Developing countries have less productive economies and a lower quality of life; usually have lower per capita GDP

Global Connections The Big Idea Fast, easy global connection have made cultural exchange, trade, and a cooperative world community possible. Main Ideas Globalization links the world’s countries together through culture and trade. The world community works together to solve global conflicts and crises.

Main Idea 1: Globalization links the world’s countries together through culture and trade. Globalization is the process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade. Caused by improvements in transportation and communication over the last 100 years Popular culture refers to culture traits that are well known and widely accepted. Examples include food, sports, music, and movies. United States has great influence on global popular culture and is also influenced by global culture. Expansion of global trade has increased interdependence—the reliance of one country on the resources, goods, or services of another country—between countries. Many companies in one country often rely on goods and services produced in another country.

Because of globalization, the world seems smaller. Main Idea 2: The world community works together to solve global conflicts and crises. Because of globalization, the world seems smaller. Places are more connected. What happens in one part of the world can affect the entire planet. The world community works together to promote cooperation among countries in times of conflict and crisis.

A World Community Countries often join together to settle conflicts such as wars, trade disputes, and political disagreements. The United Nations (UN) is an organization of the world’s countries that promotes peace and security around the globe. The world community promotes cooperation in times of crisis such as ones caused by earthquakes, floods, and drought. Groups from many nations often come together to provide humanitarian aid, or assistance to people in distress. Organizations representing countries around the globe work to help in times of crisis.

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