AP Psych Review Prologue – Chapter 8

Topics Experiments Parts of brain Nervous system Split brain Neurotransmitters Perception Sleep stages Classical conditioning

Experiments Hypothesis IV DV Control group Experimental group Design flaws Population/generalization/ sampling Random assignment Bias Confounding variables

Parts of the Brain Brainstem Medulla Pons Cerebellum RAS Autonomic functions like circulation, breathing & digestion Relay b/w hindbrain & cerebral cortex Motor movement for balance & accuracy Arousal level (awake or sleepy)

Parts of the Brain Limbic system Hypothalamus Thalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Basal ganglia Essential survival structures Controls autonomic NS; basic needs & emotions, pituitary, cycles of consciousness Relay station b/w body & senses (except smell) Formation & storage of new memories Associations b/w emotions & memories Planning & producing movement

Parts of the Brain Cerebral cortex Occipital lobes  Primary visual cortex Temporal lobes  Primary auditory cortex  Wernicke’s area Parietal lobes  Primary somatosensory cortex Frontal lobes  Primary motor cortex  Prefrontal cortex  Broca’s area Vision; back of head Hearing; above ears on sides L side; understanding language & sentences Touch info; top back Voluntary movement Core of personality; interpret emotions L side; production of speech; muscles Pinky & the Brain

Nervous system CNS Brain Spinal cord PNS Somatic Autonomic  Sympathetic  Parasympathetic

Split brain Left hemisphere (R-handed) Verbal Word recognition Math calculation Logic Right hemisphere (L-handed) Nonverbal Drawing Picture/face recognition Inferences re: language LR

Neurotransmitters Muscle function; memory Movement Inhibits pain Lowers activity levels Memory; fight or flight Mood & sleep regulation Transmits pain info ACETYLCHOLINE DOPAMINE ENDORPHINS GABA NOREPINEPHRINE SEROTONIN SUBSTANCE P

Perception Gestalt theory Closure Continuation Figure-ground Proximity Similarity

Perception Depth perception Monocular cues Linear perspective Overlap Relative size Texture gradient Motion parallax

Perception Depth perception Binocular cues Convergence Retinal disparity

Sleep Stages Non REM Stage 1  5 minutes  Hypnotic sensations Stage 2  Approximately 20 minutes  Clearly asleep  Sleep spindles  Sleep talking Stage 3  Transitional lasting a few minutes  Begin to see delta waves Stage 4  Approximately 30 minutes  Mostly delta waves  Hard to wake up  Bedwetting  Sleep walking  Night terrors REM  Vivid dreaming  Paralysis  Nightmares Sleep cycle  Awake  Non REM 1,2,3,4,3,2  REM  Non REM  2,3,4,3,2  REM ** as REM gets longer, stages 3 & 4 get shorter

Classical conditioning UCS UCR CS CR *Pinky & Pavlov’s Mice Pavlov's Dog Learned Unlearned

Pinky & Pavlov’s Mice