Copyright Pro Crane Services Presents Basic Rigging Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Copyright Pro Crane Services Introduction Terry Elmy retired, 31 years, Pt. Comfort, Massena, Pt. Henry, and Tennessee started Pro Crane Services in 1996 services include operator & maintenance training, systems audits, crane procurement, accident investigation, and expert witness services recently added structural and BTH device analysis capability Copyright Pro Crane Services

SAFE LIFTING TRAINED, QUALIFIED OPERATORS EFFECTIVE, EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE PROPER EQUIPMENT DESIGN THE SAFETY TRIANGLE Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Training Objectives: Review fundamentals of rigging the load the hitch attachments sling angle D/d ratio General use guidelines Provide answers to technical questions Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging The handling, setting and erection of materials and equipment is a hazardous occupation. Each operation presents its own peculiar problems and no two jobs are alike. With proper consideration taken, each job can be performed free of bodily harm to the employee and without damage to the equipment. Every time a load is hoisted, the element of risk increases. Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Rarely does the typical worker get the opportunity to actually select the rigging. It is normally provided at the work site by others. This in itself can create serious problems. Workers need to be trained in the proper use of rigging and not to use rigging improperly because “it’s all I had to work with.” I have done it this way for 25 years. Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging - Plan Who is responsible for the rigging? Is the equipment in safe condition? Are the working load limits adequate? Will the load be under control? Are there any unusual loading or environmental conditions? Communications established? Appropriate type, proper identification? Load weight known? Center of gravity? Sling angle? Any side loading? Capacity of rigging? Tag line needed? Possibility of snagging? Personnel in area? Wind, temperature, or dynamic effects? Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Rigging Basics – The Load Load weight shall be within rated capacity of the sling* ASME B30.9 It is not always obvious what the loads are in each component leg of a sling. *such that no part of the rigging is overloaded A COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF THE LOAD FORCES IS REQUIRED! Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Rigging Basics – The Load Load weight may be obtained from: equipment nameplate packing list drawings shipping tag weighing the load an estimate or calculation of load weight Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – The Load Load information: Size Weight Center of gravity Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – The Load Load information: Size Weight Center of gravity The center of gravity is the point at which a load will balance - and that point must be directly below the hook or principal lifting point. Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – The Load Load information: Size Weight Center of gravity The center of gravity is the point at which a load will balance - and that point must be directly below the hook or principal lifting point. An object will tilt until its center of gravity IS directly below the hook. Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – The Load Load information: Size Weight Center of gravity The center of gravity is the point at which a load will balance - and that point must be directly below the hook or principal lifting point. An object will tilt until its center of gravity IS directly below the hook. If an object is evenly shaped measure to find the center of gravity Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – The Load Load information: Size Weight Center of gravity The center of gravity is the point at which a load will balance - and that point must be directly below the hook or principal lifting point. An object will tilt until its center of gravity IS directly below the hook. If an object is evenly shaped measure to find the center of gravity Determination of center of gravity of unevenly shaped objects can be very complicated – mistakes or bad assumptions can result in disastrous consequences Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – The Load Load information: Size Weight Center of gravity The center of gravity is the point at which a load will balance - and that point must be directly below the hook or principal lifting point. An object will tilt until its center of gravity IS directly below the hook. If an object is evenly shaped measure to find the center of gravity Determination of center of gravity of unevenly shaped objects can be very complicated – mistakes or bad assumptions can result in disastrous consequences Always make the load connection point is above the center of gravity Copyright Pro Crane Services

Center of Gravity Finding the center of gravity based on weights 2000 # 3000 # 6000 # Copyright Pro Crane Services

Center of Gravity Finding the center of gravity based on weights 6000/(6000+2000) = 3/4 = 75% 75% 2000 # 6000 # Copyright Pro Crane Services

Center of Gravity Finding the center of gravity based on weights 8000/(8000+3000) = .73 = 73% 8000 # 73% 3000 # Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Center of Gravity Other methods of establishing COG require supplier to mark COG find by trial lifts find by trial and error Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Center of Gravity Other methods of establishing COG require supplier to mark COG find by trial lifts find by trial and error Caution: weight must be known and rigging may need to be oversized before using any trial method Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics - Hitches Vertical – having the load suspended vertically on a single part or leg of the sling. Characteristics: Load capacity is 100 % that of a single part Taglines should be used if the load tends to rotate as rotation can damage the sling. Use on items with lifting eye bolts or shackles or when a second sling is used in a spreader bar application Do NOT use when lifting loose or lengthy material, anything difficult to balance Use: all types of slings Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Rigging Basics - Hitches Basket - loading with the sling passed under the load and both ends on the hook, master link, or lifting device Characteristics: Effectively doubles the capacity of a single vertical sling Stress on each leg tends to be equalized Use on straight lifts when the load is shaped so that the sling (or slings) will not slide over the surface. Do NOT use on loads that are difficult to balance and could tilt or slip out of the sling(s). When terminating to a common point (like a hook), sling angle can reduce sling capacity. Use: all types of slings Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Rigging Basics - Hitches Choker – loading with the sling passed through one eye or choker hook and suspended by the other end Characteristics: Choker hitch is easy to attach & forms a noose that tightens as the load is lifted Rated capacity is 75% of the single part*. Use to turn a load (if possible use a double choker hitch) or when handling bundles of bars or pipes Do NOT use on loads difficult to balance or which may slip out the choke Use: all types of slings Copyright Pro Crane Services * based on wire rope and chain slings, 120 degree angle of choke Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Rigging Basics - Hitches Choke angle – the angle formed between the load line and the noose Angel of Choke Rated Capacity Factor* 120 - 180° = 100% 90 - 119° = 87% 60 - 89° = 74% 30 - 59° = 62% 0 - 29° = 49% Copyright Pro Crane Services *based on wire rope slings

Rigging Basics - Hitches Do not confuse choke angle with angle of inclination of the load Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics - Hitches Choker hitches are not suited to long loose bundles Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics - Hitches Double Wrap Basket Hitch adjustment of slings is required while taking up slack to avoid overloading one side of the sling (this applies to all basket hitches) Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics - Hitches Turning loads with a choker hitch Loads in legs will equalize during lifting Loads in legs will tend not to equalize during lifting Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – Sling Angle Sling angle has a dramatic effect on the actual load on the sling. Take a sling that has a 1000 pound vertical lifting capacity in a basket hitch: Sling with 500# vertical hitch capacity Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – Sling Angle As angle decreases - tension on each leg increases - increasing the strain on each leg Sling with 500# vertical hitch capacity Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – Sling Angle A different look, with the same load and sling, changing the angle has a similar dramatic effect Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – Sling Angle A different look, with the same load and sling, changing the angle has a similar dramatic effect Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – Sling Angle The sling angle factor equals H divided by L, the inverse, L/H, can also be used to calculate sling load L/H is useful to calculate sling load when the vertical force is known. L/H for common angles is approximately: 60º - 1.2; 45º - 1.4; 30º - 2 Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Basics Copyright Pro Crane Services

Sling Angle Example Problem Select slings to pick up the load shown below. 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services

Sling Angle Example Problem Select slings to pick up the load shown below. First, we need to know the vertical load at each connection point, A and B to support the load. A B 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services

Sling Angle Example Problem Select slings to pick up the load shown below. The vertical load is offset, proportioning gives the following information: ForceA x 10’ = 10,000# x 2’ ForceA = 2,000# therefore, ForceB = 8,000# FA FB A B 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Sling Angle Example Select slings to pick up the load shown below. We know we want to position the hook directly over the center of gravity 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Sling Angle Example Select slings to pick up the load shown below. Next we know the sling furthest away from the hook will have the smallest angle, so we’ll size it first and base our sling angle at the optimal angle of 60º. 60º 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Sling Angle Example Select slings to pick up the load shown below. Since the angle is 60º, the height of the hook is now fixed as is the sling length. Because the angle is 60º, the sling length is twice the base length (2 x 8’ = 16’). 16’ If the sling angle were 45 degrees, the height would also be 8 feet and we could use the ratio L/H to calculate the sling length. It would be: L/H = 1.4; substituting values, L/8 = 1.4, so L = (8)(1.4) = 11.2 ft. 60º 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services Cosine 60º = 0.5 Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Copyright Pro Crane Services Sling Angle Example Select slings to pick up the load shown below. Knowing the L/H = 1.2 for 60º sling angle, the height of the hook is L/H = 1.2 H = 16/1.2 H = 13.3 feet 16’ 13.3’ A 45 degree angle would have saved 5.3 ft. in vertical height of the load assembly. 60º 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Copyright Pro Crane Services Sling Angle Example Select slings to pick up the load shown below. Additionally, knowing that L/H = 1.2 for 60º sling angle, the load on sling A = 1.2 x ForceA or 1.2 x 2,000# = 2,400#. 16’ 13.3’ 2,400# At 45 degrees, the load would be 2800#. 60º 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Copyright Pro Crane Services Sling Angle Example Select slings to pick up the load shown below. Sling B’s length can now be calculated to an exact number. Length of Sling B = √(13.3)2 + (2)2 = 13.44 feet 16’ 13.3’ 2,400# 13.44’ At 45 degrees, the length of sling B would be 8.24 ft. 60º 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Copyright Pro Crane Services Sling Angle Example Select slings to pick up the load shown below. Sling B’s load can now be calculated: L/H = 13.44/13.3 = 1.01 LoadB = 1.01 x 8,000# = 8,084# 16’ 13.3’ 2,400# 13.44’ 8,084# At 45 degrees, the load on sling B = 8,240#. 60º 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services Copyright, Pro Crane Service

Copyright Pro Crane Services Sling Angle Example Select slings to pick up the load shown below. Using wire rope slings, EIPS grade, 6x19 class rope with a mechanical splice, Sling A needs to be 3/8-in. diameter min. Sling B needs to be ¾-in. diameter min. 16’ 13.3’ 2,400# 13.44’ 8,084# 60º 10,000# 8’ 2’ CG Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Basics – D/d Ratio D/d ratio is the ratio of the diameter around which the sling is bent divided by the body diameter of the sling.  Whenever a sling body is bent around a diameter, the strength of the sling is decreased. Copyright Pro Crane Services Application: 6x19 and 6x37 Class rope, may not apply to cable laid or braided slings

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Sockets swaged and poured socket assemblies shall be proof tested mechanical splice single vertical leg slings test shall be 2 times vertical load limit ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Shackles used only those rated for overhead lifting Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Shackles synthetic web slings connected to shackles of sufficient size to not cause bunching or pinching of the sling Use wide shackles to prevent pinching or bunching Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Hooks – inspect before use, use ASME B30.10 or a recognized Engineering Standard Spread hook Copyright Pro Crane Services Where is the hook latch??

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Hooks – avoid eccentric loading of hooks Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Hooks do not exceed 90 degrees included angle when connecting two slings in a hook. If you have an included angle more than 90 degrees, or more than two legs, use a shackle or a master link to connect. Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Turnbuckles Turnbuckles can be used to adjust sling length. Be sure to use only load rated components Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Eye bolts use only forged eye bolts rated for lifting never use if damaged, bent, elongated never use regular eye bolts for angular lifts always seat shoulder against the load Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Eye bolts always shim eye bolts to seat shoulder in-line for angular loading for angular lifts reduce working load 45 degrees – 30% of rated working load 90 degrees – 25% of rated working load Angle of pull Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Eye bolt - rigging Copyright Pro Crane Services

Rigging Attachments Eye bolt - rigging How to prevent load buckling? Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Spreader beam - A below-the-hook lifting device that utilizes two or more hooks (attaching devices) located along a beam and the spreader beam attaches to the hoist by means of a bail.  The spreader beam is used to handle long or wide load and serves to "spread" the load over more than one lifting point. Often used in conjunction with slings. Note: a common misconception of spreader beams is that they equalize the loading along the beam. They do not! Spreaders only eliminate horizontal forces from affecting the load being hoisted. Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Spreader beam 1/2 L 1/2 L Spreader Beam ¼ L Fa With the CG off center of the hook as shown, the vertical force at Fa will be 75% of the load weight and the vertical force at Fb will be 25% of the total load weight. No horizontal forces will be exerted on the load. Fb Load Center of gravity Copyright Pro Crane Services Total Weight = W

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Spreader beam 1/2 L 1/2 L Spreader Beam ¼ L Fa With the CG off center of the hook as shown, the vertical force at Fa will be 75% of the load weight and the vertical force at Fb will be 25% of the total load weight. No horizontal forces will be exerted on the load. Fb Load As shown, will the load be level during hoisting? Center of gravity Copyright Pro Crane Services Total Weight = W

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Spreader beam Spreader Beam The load will tilt until the center of gravity aligns with the hook. Load Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Rigging Attachments Spreader beam ¼ L Fa Fh Without the use of a spreader beam, the vertical forces remain the same, however, the sling load is a function of the sling angle and the sling load will be higher than the sling between the spreader and the load. There will, in this case, be horizontal forces exerted upon the load, dependent upon the sling angle. Fb Fh Center of gravity Copyright Pro Crane Services ¼ L Total Weight = W

General Use Guidelines Pre-use and periodic inspection is required on all sling and rigging components Copyright Pro Crane Services OSHA 1926.251, 1910.184

Copyright Pro Crane Services Periodic inspection frequency/records Periodic inspection performed by ? Frequent inspection frequency/records Label* Chain slings OSHA 1910.184(e)(3) – at least annually with records ASME: normal – annually; severe service – monthly to quarterly with records OSHA – competent person ASME - competent person OSHA – before use (1910.184(d) w/o records ASME: normal –monthly; severe service – daily to weekly w/o records OSHA – size, grade, rated cap., & reach ASME: mfgr., grade, size, no. of legs, reach, rated load for hitches Wire rope slings OSHA – none ASME – based on service, at least annually with records OSHA – no periodic ASME – competent person (1910.184(d) ASME – daily w/o records ASME – mfgr., size, rated load for type of hitch & angle Synthetic web slings ASME – recommended at least annually based on service, records recommended ASME - daily w/o records OSHA – rating @ each type of hitch, type of material ASME – mfgr., mfgr. Stock no., rated load for each type of hitch, material type & construction Metal mesh slings ASME - based on service, at least annually; records recommended OSHA – rated @ vertical and choker hitch loading ASME – mfgr., rated load for hitch & angle, width and gauge * Sling I.D., per ASME B30.9, shall be maintained to be legible for the life of the sling Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Rigging equipment shall not be loaded beyond its recommended working load limit (WLL) Copyright Pro Crane Services OSHA 1926.251

General Use Guidelines When not in use, rigging shall be removed from work area and properly stored OSHA 1926.251 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines During lifting, personnel shall be alert for possible snagging ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Slings should be long enough so that rated load is adequate ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Multiple leg slings shall be selected so as not to introduce into the leg, a load greater than permitted Note: select multiple leg slings based on two legs supporting the entire weight of the load and the other leg(s) balancing the load. ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Shock loading should be avoided ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines The load shall be applied to the center of the hook (unless the hook is designed for point loading) ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines When used in a choker hitch, prevent the load on any portion of the sling from exceeding the rated load ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Slings shall not be shortened by knotting or twisting ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Slings should not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Slings should not be dragged on the floor ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Sharp corners in contact with the sling should be padded ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines The following slide is not for the faint of heart. If you are are bothered by accident scenes, do not look at the screen until the “All Clear” signal is given. Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Do not place body, fingers, etc. between the sling and load or hook ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Personnel shall not ride the sling (or load) ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines Personnel should stand clear of suspended load ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services

General Use Guidelines And not “Be” the suspended load!! Copyright Pro Crane Services

No wire rope sling shall be fabricated using wire rope clips!! No Homemade Slings WARNING No wire rope sling shall be fabricated using wire rope clips!! Preferred sling construction is to use a Flemish eye splice with a mechanical sleeve (turn back construction is not recommendable) Copyright Pro Crane Services

Copyright Pro Crane Services Questions? Copyright Pro Crane Services