Viruses A. Viruses are not _______. They are not made of _______ They cannot carry out ____________ activities unless they are in a ______ cell. B. Viruses consist of a piece of genetic material (either ______ or ______) and a ________ coat. Some may have more complex coverings. C. Viruses cannot be treated with __________ because they are not _______. alive cells metabolic host DNARNA protein antibiotics alive

Eubacteria 1. The three cell types of bacteria are _________ (round-shaped) _________ (rod-shaped) _________ 2. All eubacteria have a cell wall containing ______________ 3. Gram __________ bacteria stain purple with Gram stain. 4. Gram _________ bacteria stain pink with Gram stain. 5. You cannot use the same ____________ against Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria. coccus bacillus spiral peptidoglycan positive negative antibiotics

6. What are some ways bacteria are helpful? Making food products like yogurt and cheese Oil-eating bacteria can clean oil spills Decomposers – help recycle nutrients Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

7. ___________ produced (and continue to produce) enough atmospheric oxygen to change our atmosphere to 21% oxygen. 8. What are some disease-causing bacteria? Cyanobacteria strep throat bacteria E.coli salmonella – food poisoning

Protista Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of the eukaryotic kingdoms. 1. Every eukaryote that is not a fungus, plant, or animal is classified as a _________. 2. Protists can be animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like. 3. Protists can be photosynthetic ___________ or ______________, free-living or parasitic, unicellular or multicellular. protist autotrophsheterotrophs

4. Algae are _____________________ and are major producers of atmospheric __________. 5. Some can cause disease. ________ is caused by the animal-like protist Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by infected ___________. Sleeping sickness is caused by the protist Trypanosoma, and is carried by Tsetse flies. photosynthetic protists oxygen Malaria mosquitoes

1. The major phyla of fungi are classified by their ___________ structures. a. Ascomycota – ________ b. Zygomycota – _____________ c. Basidiomycota – ____________ and toadstools 2. What are some harmful effects of fungi? reproductive yeast bread mold mushrooms cryptococcal infections athlete’s foot and jock itch Candida albicans can cause thrush and vaginal yeast infections

3. What are some beneficial uses of fungi? yeast is used for baking and beverage making Nitrogen-fixing fungi contribute to the Nitrogen cycle Many types of fungi act as decomposers in food chains Mushrooms are quite tasty on pizza, in salads, and on a mushroom swiss burger

4. Fungi are nonmoving, eukaryotic _____________ that absorb their food from organic material. 5. Fungi can be saprophytic or parasitic. ______________ obtain their food from dead organic material __________ live in or on another organism causing harm to that organism. 6. The bodies of fungi consist of filaments called _________, which intertwine into a thick mass called a ___________. 7. The cell walls of fungi are made of ________. heterotrophs saprophytes parasites hyphae mycelium chiti n

8. Most fungi reproduce both ________ and __________ 9.. Fungi are classified into groups based on the reproductive structures they contain. The following table provides a brief look at the fungi. sexuallyasexually