Plant Evolution Green Algae are the ancestors of today’s land/terrestrial plants. Early land plants faced many challenges. A. How to conserve water? B. How to reproduce on land? C. How to absorb minerals from rocky surfaces?

Plant Classification Review Plant Kingdom nonvascular vascular seed seedless angiosperms gymnosperms monocots dicots

Plant Classification Review Nonvascular: mosses, hornworts, liverworts ____________________________________ Vascular, Seedless: whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails, ferns Vascular, Seed: Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

Gymnosperms- “naked seeds” Conifers Ginkgo Tree Cycad

Kinds of Gymnosperms Conifers Cycads Ginkgo Gnetophytes Ex: Ephedra

MONOCOTS DICOTS Create an Angiosperm Foldable Divide your paper in half. Label each section as and MONOCOTS DICOTS

Monocot Dicot Seeds Seeds

Parallel leaf venation Net-like leaf venation Dicot Monocot LEAVES Parallel leaf venation Net-like leaf venation

Monocot Dicot ROOT SYSTEMS Fibrous Root System Taproot System

Monocot Dicot FLOWER PARTS Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4 or 5

Monocot Dicot Pollen Grains Monosulcate Mostly tricolpate

Primary vascular bundles scattered Primary vascular bundles in a ring Monocot Dicot Stem Structure (vascular bundles) Primary vascular bundles scattered Primary vascular bundles in a ring

Dicot: Vascular Bundles

Recap There are two types of Vascular Plants that produce Seeds: Angiosperms & Gymnosperms Angiosperm seeds develop within a flower. Angiosperms can be divided into two groups called Monocots and Dicots Gymnosperm seeds develop without a sealed container; called “naked seeds.”

Check on your seeds!! What stage are they in?

From a Seed to a Seedling The development of a seed into a seedling is called GERMINATION. What enables a seed to germinate? * Seed coat damage * Exposure to temperature changes * Penetration of H2O & O2 through the seed coat

Importance of Cotyledons “Cots”- provide food for the embryo. Once the food is used up, the cotyledons shrivel up and fall off.

Can you label a Monocot Seed? A. Seed coat B. Endosperm C. Cotyledon D. Embryo

Can you label a Dicot Seed? A. Seed coat B. Endosperm C. Cotyledon D. Embryo

Fruit and Seed Dispersal Three common ways fruit and seeds are dispersed: Wind Animals (bees, butterflies, birds, bats) Water

Fruit Classification A fruit is a mature ovary. Fruits can be classified using these two characteristics: How many flowers or pistils form the fruit? Is the fruit dry or fleshy?

Use the Chart on Page 619 What type of fruit is a Watermelon? What type of fruit is a Pineapple? What type of fruit is a Green Pea? What type of fruit is an Apple? What type of fruit is Corn or Wheat?

Flowers of Monocots & Dicots Flowers and Seeds of Monocots & Dicots Objectives: Today in lab, students will be able to: Identify the parts of a flower. 2. Identify monocots and dicots based on type of flower and/or type of seed. 3. Properly label a flower diagram and seed diagram.

1 2

1 2 1 & 2

Examples of Angiosperms

Monocots vs. Dicots

FLOWER DISSECTION

Lily A B D C

Lily

A C B

Style Stigma Ovary

A C B

Anther Stamen Filament

Stamens and Pistil

C F E A D B

P S P = Petal; S= Sepal

A B

Sepals Bud

sepals petals stamens pistil bract

FUNCTIONS OF FLOWER STRUCTURES

Functions of flower structures

Sepal

Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud

Petals

Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud Petals- attract insects and animals to aid in pollination

Stamen A C B What’s that?

Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud Petals- attract insects and animals to aid in pollination Stamens- male part of the flower which includes the anther and filament; it produces pollen.

Anther

Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud Petals- attract insects and animals to aid in pollination Stamens- male part of the flower which includes the anther and filament; it produces pollen. Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction.

Anther Stamen Filament

Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction. Filament- elevates the anther away from the flower for pollen dispersal and transports nutrients to the anther. Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.

Pistil

Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction. Filament- elevates the anther away from the flower for pollen dispersal and transports nutrients to the anther. Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization. Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit.

Stigma

Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction. Filament- elevates the anther away from the flower for pollen dispersal and transports nutrients to the anther. Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization. Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit. Stigma- collects pollen on its surface and aids in fertilization

A C B

Style Stigma Ovary

Style Where is it located? What does it do? B C

Style Where is it located? What does it do?

Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization. Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit. Stigma- collects pollen on its surface and aids in fertilization Style- elevates the stigma to collect pollen

Ovary Where is it located? What does it do? B C

Ovary Where is it located? What does it do? B Ovary

Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization. Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit. Stigma- collects pollen on its surface and aids in fertilization Style- elevates the stigma to collect pollen Ovary- produce ovules (eggs); when fertilized ovules become seeds and fruits.

STOP HERE!

FERTILIZATION

A

Fruit Development A B

Fruit Examples with only 1 seed

1 2 3 4 7 6 5

Example of fruit with multiple seeds

Hibiscus

E F A D B C

Filament Anther Stigma Sepal Style Petals

B A

Stigmas

Pistil & Stamens

Anther

Underside of Hibiscus Petal Sepal

Confusing Flowers Flowers with spurred petals.  Count them.  There are five.  This is a dicot, and the netted venation of the leaves will bear this out.  The plant is a colombine, Aquilegia canadensis, and the number of spur this time is always five.  

What is a “spur?” Petals often develop a nectar-containing extension of the tubular corolla, called a spur. This may involve one petal, as in the larkspur (Delphinium), This may also involve all the petals, as in columbine (Aquilegia) (Both members of the family Ranunculaceae.)