1 Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms 1.Bacteria 2.Archaea 3.Eukarya 4 Kingdoms in this Domain

2 Domain Eukarya 4 Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Protista 2. Kingdom Fungi 3. Kingdom Plantae 4. Kingdom Animalia

3 Kingdom Fungi Structural Characteristics A. Mostly Multicellular eukaryotes-yeast is unicellular B. Hyphae-threadlike filaments which are the basic structural units C. An extensively branched hyphae is called a mycelium D. Used for anchoring, digesting food and reproduction

4 Structural Characteristics Continued D. Cell walls of fungi made of a complex carbohydrate called chitin Chitin gives both strength and flexibility

5 Network of hyphae Fungal reproduction always involves spores. Most fungi are made of a network of hyphae called Mycelium Septa are cross walls that divide hyphae into individual cells Septa have openings which allow nutrients to move rapidly to all parts of the hyphae

6 Characteristics of Fungi Characteristics of Fungi Fungi that decompose organic waste is called Saprophytic decomposers Fungi that decompose organic waste is called Saprophytic decomposers They are Heterotrophic and use extracellular digestion to obtain nutrients They are Heterotrophic and use extracellular digestion to obtain nutrients The digested food is then absorbed The digested food is then absorbed

7 Feeding Relationships in Fungi Saprophyte-decomposers that Saprophyte-decomposers that feed on dead organic material feed on dead organic material Parasite-grow and penetrate Parasite-grow and penetrate host cells for nutrients. Example: Bracket Fungi host cells for nutrients. Example: Bracket Fungi Mutualists-live in symbiotic relationship with another organism. Example: Lichen Mutualists-live in symbiotic relationship with another organism. Example: Lichen

8 Reproduction in Fungi Reproduce sexually and asexually Asexually includes: fragmentation, budding and production of spores Asexually includes: fragmentation, budding and production of spores Unicellular Yeast reproduce by budding Unicellular Yeast reproduce by budding Sporangium is a sac or case in which spores are produced Example: Black spots on bread mold Sporangium is a sac or case in which spores are produced Example: Black spots on bread mold

9 Kingdom Fungi Phylum Zygomycota: zygospore fungi Phylum Zygomycota: zygospore fungi 665 species 665 species Phylum Ascomycota: sac fungi Phylum Ascomycota: sac fungi 30,000 species 30,000 species Phylum Basidiomycota: club fungi Phylum Basidiomycota: club fungi 16,000 species 16,000 species Phylum Deuteromycota: imperfect fungi (i.e., means of sexual reproduction not known) Phylum Deuteromycota: imperfect fungi (i.e., means of sexual reproduction not known) 17,000 species 17,000 species

10 Phylum Zygomycota Black bread mold: Zygospores form when the environment is not good for growth

11 Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycota Example: Bread Mold Hyphae are specialized: Stolons grow horizontally on surface and rapidly produces mycelium Stolons grow horizontally on surface and rapidly produces mycelium Rhizoids penetrate the bread and release enzymes for extracellular digestion and absorb the food Rhizoids penetrate the bread and release enzymes for extracellular digestion and absorb the food

12 Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycota Example Bread Mold During unfavorable conditions a During unfavorable conditions a zygospore forms which is thick walled and can remain dormant until favorable conditions zygospore forms which is thick walled and can remain dormant until favorable conditions

13 Phylum Ascomycota: Sac Fungi Examples: Yeast, cup fungi, and morels Morels are edible

14 Phylum Ascomycota Sac Fungi Cause plant disease such as apple scab and ergot of rye Cause plant disease such as apple scab and ergot of rye Morels and truffles are two edible members of this division Morels and truffles are two edible members of this division Found in some cheese Found in some cheese Yeasts are sac fungi-used to make bread, wine and beer Yeasts are sac fungi-used to make bread, wine and beer Yeasts are used in Genetic research Yeasts are used in Genetic research

15 Apple Scab and Ergot of Rye Disease Salem Witch Trials-Caused by Ergot? 150 "witches" were taken into custody; by late September 1692, 20 men and women had been put to death, and five more accused had died in jail. None of the executed confessed to witchcraft.

16 Examples of Ascomycota Sac Fungi Lemon Drop Fungi

17 More Examples of Ascomycota Sac Fungi

18 Phylum Basidiomycota Club Fungi Examples: Mushrooms and puffballs,

19 Basidiomycotes Examples Beef Steak Fungus Puffballs Bracket Fungi Rust Mushrooms

20 More Examples of Basidiomycotes Puffball Relatives

21 More Examples of Basidiomycotes

22 Phylum Deuteromycota Penicillium -first antibiotic Beneficial: (penicillin from Penicillium, soy sauce citric acid Harmful: athlete’s foot; ringworm; Candida albicans causes vaginal yeast infections)

23 Helpful Deuteromycota Helpful Deuteromycota Penicillim Penicillim Aspergillis used in Soy sauce Aspergillis used in Soy sauce Fungi in Bleu Cheese Fungi in Bleu Cheese Citric acid (from fungi) that gives jams, jellies, soft drinks, fruit-flavored candies a tart taste Citric acid (from fungi) that gives jams, jellies, soft drinks, fruit-flavored candies a tart taste

24 Harmful Deuteromycota Ring worm Ring worm

25 Athlete’s Foot Fungus

26 Mycorrhizae and Lichens Fungi can form Symbiotic relationships. Mycorrhizas: fungi growing among plant roots. Very important in helping plants absorb nutrients Mutualistic-Lichens: fungi growing with Cyanobacteria or green algae

27  The zygomycete Pilobolus decomposes animal dung. The mycelium bends its spore-bearing hyphae toward bright light, where grass is likely to be growing.  The fungus then shoots its sporangia like cannonballs as far as 2 m. Grazing animals such as cows ingest the fungi with the grass and then scatter the spores in feces.cannonballs

28 Deadly Fungi Amanitas phalloides is known as the “Death Angel” mushroom—accounts for over 90% of fatalities from mushroom poisoning. Symptoms usually don’t begin until hrs later. Poison interferes with RNA transcription—victim dies from liver and kidney damage. Amanitas phalloides is known as the “Death Angel” mushroom—accounts for over 90% of fatalities from mushroom poisoning. Symptoms usually don’t begin until hrs later. Poison interferes with RNA transcription—victim dies from liver and kidney damage.