Kingdom Plantae

They are complex, multicellular organisms The cells have a cell wall, a nucleus and other organelles They have chlorophyll and can make their own food by photosynthesis Most of them are anchored to the ground, and only parts of the body can move slightly as a result of growth They live on land and in water

NON-FLOWERING PLANTS

Non-Flowering Plants Non-flowering plants DO NOT produce flowers! Major groups include: Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms

Mosses They are the simplest plants They have simple stems and leaves but NO roots. Instead, they have some hair-like structures called rhizoids arising from the base of the stem. The rhizoids fix the plant body in the soil and absorb water and minerals

Rhizoids

Mosses They are the simplest plant They have simple stems and leaves but NO roots. Instead, they have some hair-like structures called rhizoids arising from the base of the stem. The rhizoids fix the plant body in the soil and absorb water and minerals They do not have vascular tissues They reproduce by releasing spores from capsules to be dispersed by wind

Mosses They are the simplest plant They have simple stems and leaves but NO roots. Instead, they have some hair-like structures called rhizoids arising from the base of the stem. The rhizoids fix the plant body in the soil and absorb water and minerals They do not have vascular tissues They reproduce by releasing spores from capsules to be dispersed by wind They grow in damp places in land

Mosses

Mosses

Ferns They have roots, underground stems and leaves. The leaves are usually divided into small parts They have vascular tissues for transporting water, minerals and food substances. The system also supports the plant body Ferns reproduce by releasing spores from spore- producing organs on the underside of the leaves They are found mainly in damp and shady places

Spore-Producing Organs

Ferns

Gymnosperms Most of them are tall evergreen trees with well developed roots, woody stems and needle- shaped leaves

Needle-Shaped Leaves

Gymnosperms Most of them are tall evergreen trees with well developed roots, woody stems and needle- shaped leaves They have efficient vascular tissues They produce male and female cones which contain reproductive structures. The seeds needed for reproduction are not enclosed by fruits and are called naked seeds. These seeds are held in female cones. When mature, the seeds are dispersed by wind

Male pine cones Female pine cones

Gymnosperms Most of them are tall evergreen trees with well developed roots, woody stems and needle-shaped leaves They have efficient vascular tissues They produce male and female cones which contain reproductive structures. The seeds needed for reproduction are not enclosed by fruits and are called naked seeds. These seeds are held in female cones. When mature, the seeds are dispersed by wind They are adapted to grow in relatively dry places

Examples of Gymnosperms PinesCycads

FLOWERING PLANTS (Angiosperms)

Flowering Plants Flowering plants DO produce flowers! They may be in the form of: Herbaceous plants Shrubs Trees

Flowering Plants They can be found in different habitats such as forests, grasslands, dry lands and wetlands They have well developed roots, stems and leaves They have vascular tissues They produce flowers that develop into fruits. The fruits contain seeds, which can develop into new plants

Flowering Plants Monocotyledons(Monocots) Dicotyledons(Dicots)

Monocotyledonous Plants

Monocots They have only one cotyledon (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. corn) Definition of a cotyledon: a simple embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, which, in some species, forms the first green leaf after germination

Monocots They have only one cotyledon (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. corn) The veins on the leaves are usually parallel

Notice that the veins are all running parallel to one another

Monocots They have only one cotyledon (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. corn) The veins on the leaves are usually parallel Most of them are herbaceous plants (plants with no woody stem) Flower parts are in multiples of three

Examples of Monocots Grass Orchid Lily Our 4 most important food – corn, rice, wheat and barley – all came from monocots

Grass Maize Barley Lily Wild Rice Orchid

Dicotyledonous Plants

Dicots They have two cotyledons (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. bean, peanut)

2 first leaves

Dicots They have two cotyledons (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. bean, peanut) The veins on the leaves are usually in network form

Notice that the veins are all branching out and forming a network

Dicots They have two cotyledons (i.e. seed leaf) in the seed (e.g. bean, peanut) The veins on the leaves are usually in network form They cab be trees, shrubs (a low, woody plant) or herbs Flower parts are in multiples of four or five

Bauhinia

Examples of Dicots Dandelion Sunflower Rose Most flowering trees such as oak, walnut, willow, apple, papaya, etc.

Dandelion Sunflower Oak Tree Rose Papaya Tree

Monocots vs. Dicots One CotyledonOne Cotyledon Veins in parallel formVeins in parallel form Petals in multiples of threePetals in multiples of three Two cotyledonsTwo cotyledons Veins in network formVeins in network form Petals in multiples of four of fivePetals in multiples of four of five

Summary of the Plant Kingdom Plants Non-Flowering Plants Flowering Plants Spore-Bearing Plants Naked Seed Plants Mosses Mosses (No vascular tissues; with simple stems and leaves but no roots) Ferns (With vascular tissues; with roots, underground stems and leaves) Gymnosperms Monocotyledonous Plants (With one seed leaf) Angiosperms Dicotyledonous Plants (With two seed leaves)