International Security Changes in the United States and the world

A History Diplomacy = communication amongst countries to resolve problems without having to use force 5 wars in our history Diplomacy is embedded in our history since 1789 The UN = created to maintain international peace and security, develop healthy relationship amongst nations, and promoting human rights International treaties = countries make treaties among each others, where all parties involve promise to maintain certain conduct or actions. If any party fails to live up to the expectations, other members can hold them liable

US and International Security 9/11 – World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks – The creation of the Department of Homeland Security Created 11 days after September 11, 2001 connecting 22 Federal departments Violent crime / Violent extremism Trafficking of humans and smuggling of illicit goods Cyber threats Pandemic diseases International terrorism

The UN The League of Nations – Intended to be the first global forum WWII – UN – Known for: peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance. – Also engages sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non- proliferation. – Always promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women, governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production, and so much more

Addressing International concerns Military capacity depends on: – Economic health – Technological advancements – Internal political stability – Geography – Security needs

Treaties & Agreements Treaties bring stability to relationships and prevent military buildups – Geneva Convention extensively defined the basic, wartime rights of prisoners (civil and military); established protections for the wounded; and established protections for the civilians in and around a war-zone. Geneva Protocol – Prohibition of the use in war of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. – ABM – Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty and SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks – Biological weapons conventions multilateral disarmament treaty banning the production of an entire category of weapons prohibited use but not possession or development of chemical and biological weapons. – Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty an international treaty, to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. – New START - Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the US and Russian. Under the treaty, the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half.

Alliances NATO – What is NATO?NATO NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico OPEC – Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, and later joined Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Angola, and Gabon. objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry WTO – The World Trade Organization is an organization for trade opening. Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other

Pre-emption doctrine Proactive conflict prevention method US justifies military strikes any place in the world before actual conflicts occur – Evidence must be present of serious international endangered – Stability is sufficiently imminent – Diplomatic efforts have been exhausted

Inefficiencies of the UN Genocides – Bosnia – Cambodia – Somalia – Rwanda – Syria

Terrorism Definition: – High political issue – Group of militants vs freedom fighters – Country can be target for harboring terrorist Iraq Afghanistan Revolutionaries FBI’s definition – "International terrorism" Involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law; Occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S., – "Domestic terrorism” Involve acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law; Occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S.

Responses to Terrorism Preventing terrorist acts – Increasing homeland security Customs Border control Immigration laws Profiling Reducing the effectiveness of terrorist acts – Can cause spread of terrorism elsewhere Resolving the causes of terrorists acts – Address the issues which created popularity in the first place