Emergence of Federal Government Activism, There was a Rise of Progressivism, Then A Return to “Normalcy” Followed by A “New Deal” for the Peeps!!!

Historical Overview Early 19 th Century –Second Great Awakening Triggered Examples? Late 19 th Century –Civil War/Reconstruction Era Triggered Examples? –Industrial Revolution Triggered Examples?

Historical Overview Continued Early 20 th Century Progressive Reform –Triggered by Lingering Gilded Age Issues –Government Reform Limited to Mid-20 th Century New Deal Reform –Triggered by The Great Depression –Government Takes Responsibility for

Progressivism Introduction Industrial Inheritance Legislative Reluctance Cultural Effects of Industrial Transformation The Progressive Movement Defined

What Problems were Progressives trying to solve? Lingering Gilded Age IssuesIssues Others?

What were their goals? Social Economic Political Geographical

Initially Broad Based Reform Actions Taken Series of Disjointed Sub-movements (Chart) –Muckrakers –Socialists –Urban Poor AdvocatesUrban Poor Advocates –Feminists –Moralists –Scientific Management

National Progressive Appeal Emerged Government Led Policy Reform Examples (Chart) National Impact Required Moderation National Progressive Leaders –TR “New Nationalism” –WW “New Freedom” –Is New Freedom a “warmed over” New Nationalism?

Progressive Impact? 1.Limited Government Activism 2.Middle-Class grassroots reform tradition 3.Government business/financial Regulation to protect consumer 4.Conservation tradition 5.Civil Equality Ignored

How effective was the resulting reform? Historical Interpretations –Traditionalists –Revisionists –New Left –Organizational School –Social Feminists

Who were they? Characteristics

What was their Intent? Improve weaknesses within existing social system Create new social system

Liberal or Conservative Triumph? See L40 and Discussion Questions

Lingering Gilded Age IssuesIssues Industrialization –Harnessing of Industrial Resources Oil (refined into kerosene and gasoline) Steel (Bessemer and open-hearth Processes) –RR and building material Electricity (allowed outward growth, affordable power source, appliance and communication) –Created Need for Large labor pool and growing markets Spurred Immigration (See Graph)See Graph – million+ IMMIGRANTS Rapid Urbanization (See Graph)See Graph –GESP factors –Promises and Problems Encouraged Adoption of Social Darwinism Philosophy

NewNew v. Old Immigrants

Urban Population ShiftShift Total U.S. Population –1790 = 3.9 million –1870 = 39.8 million –1900 = 75.9 million –2000 = million

Impact Nativism –Job Competition –New Non-Protestant Immigrant Religions: Roman Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Judaism Worker Exploitation –Poor Living ConditionsPoor Living Conditions –Dangerous Working conditions –Low wages Political Corruption –Political Machines –Federal Government Laissez-faire policy and Anti-trust Legislation Diluted by Supreme Court Rulings

Looking BackwardBackward

Poor Living Conditions Jacob Riis: Tenement Quarters Dumbbell Tenement

Settlement House Movement

Social Gospel Movement: Mary Baker Eddy: Christian Science YMCA: Young Men’s Christian Association Dwight Lyman Moody: Moody bible Institute Washington Gladden: “Applied Christianity”

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage, Pre-1920