1.About 300 million years ago, plants lived in swampy areas. 2.The plants died and were covered by layers of sediment. 3.Since there was no oxygen under the sediment, plant material did not decompose. 4.Pressure and heat from being buried resulted in lignite coal. 5.Some lignite received more pressure and heat; bituminous coal was formed. 6.Bituminous coal received more pressure and heat, and was changed into anthracite coal.

Land Reclamation 1.Remove and store the topsoil before strip mining begins. 2.When the coal has been depleted, use tractors and scrapers to level ridges and grade the mining area. 3.Bring back the topsoil and spread it out using graders. 4.Use fertilizer and quick-growing plants to prepare the land for farming, pasture, or wildlife habitat.

Complete Combustion If there is enough oxygen present, propane and oxygen combine to form carbon dioxide and water. C 3 H 9(g) + 5O 2(g)  3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 O (g) Incomplete Combustion If there is a shortage of oxygen, propane and oxygen combine to form carbon monoxide and water. This can be shown as: C 3 H 8(g) + 3O 2(g)  3CO (g) + 4H 2 O (g)

Fractional Distillation In an oil refinery, a process called fractional distillation is used refine petroleum. Crude oil is heated in a series of heat exchangers to remove water and salt. It is then sent to a furnace, where further heating occurs. The hot oil is then sent to the distillation tower. The inside of the distillation tower is very hot at the bottom; the temperature gradually cools toward the top of the tower. Each component of crude oil has a unique boiling point. In the distillation tower, perforated plates are fitted with bubble caps. As each component reaches a point where the temperature is just below its boiling point, it condenses. The vapours are sent to condensers, where they are liquefied. See diagram on next slide.