1 Chapter 3 Individual Differences Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2 Module 1: Introduction to Individual Differences Background –1890 – Cattell & concept of “mental test” –Differential psychology –Psychometrics –World War I & the intelligence test –“g” or general mental ability Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3 Varieties of Individual Differences Cognitive ability & the g-ocentric model Physical ability Personality Interests Knowledge Emotion Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Monica Lau/Getty Images

4 Attributes & Behavior in Organizations Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figure 3.1 The Link between Attributes and Behavior in Organizations Source: K. R. Murphy (1996a).

5 Fundamental Assumptions in Applying Individual Differences Model Adults have variety of attributes that are relatively stable over a period of time People differ with respect to those attributes Relative differences among people on these attributes remain even after training Different jobs require different attributes These attributes can be measured Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6 Taxonomy of abilities –Fleishman’s taxonomy of 52 abilities Cognitive abilities Physical abilities Perceptual-motor abilities Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Module 2: Mental & Physical Abilities

7 Intelligence as “g” –Involves ability to reason, plan, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, & learn from experience Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Cognitive Abilities Chad Baker/Getty Images

8 Is “g” important at work? Yes –↑ job complexity = ↑ predictive value of general intelligence tests Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Cognitive Abilities

9 Beyond “g” –Carroll’s Hierarchical Model Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figure 3.2 Carroll’s Hierarchical Model Source: Carroll (1993).

10 Sensory Abilities Vision Touch Taste Smell Hearing Kinesthetic feedback Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Jeff Maloney/Getty Images

11 Also called sensorimotor or motor abilities Fleishman’s psychomotor abilities Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Psychomotor Abilities –Arm-hand steadiness –Manual dexterity –Finger dexterity –Control precision –Response orientation –Rate control –Reaction time –Wrist-finger speed

12 Module 3: Personality & Interests Big Five Personality Model Conscientiousness Agreeableness Emotional stability Extraversion Openness to experience Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

13 Practical Issues Associated with Personality Measures Faking –Self-presentation –Self-efficacy –Social desirability –Does faking really matter? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

14 Vocational Interests Expressions of liking about environments, activities Holland’s vocational typology –Realistic –Investigative –Artistic –Social –Enterprising –Conventional Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

15 Holland’s Vocational Typology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figure 3.4 Personality Dimensions Underlying the Hexagonal Representation of Holland’s Vocational Typology Source: Hogan & Blake (1996).

16 Module 4: Additional Proposed Individual Differences Skills –Practiced acts –Technical & non-technical Knowledge –Collection of discrete but related facts & information about a particular domain –Tacit knowledge → “street smarts” –Procedural knowledge → knowing “how” –Declarative knowledge → knowing “that” Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

17 Additional Proposed Individual Differences (cont'd) Experience –Seniority vs. experience –Measurement modes Amount Time Type –Level of specificity Task Job Organizational Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Royalty-Free/CORBIS

18 Modes of Experience Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figure 3.5 Modes of Experience

19 Additional Proposed Individual Differences (cont'd) Competencies –Sets of behaviors instrumental in accomplishing various activities –Combination of individual difference characteristics Emotional intelligence –Awareness of our own & others’ emotions –Controversial construct Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

20 Permissions Slide 3: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Monica Lau/Getty Images, Source Image ID: AA037228, Filename: JPG Slide 4: Figure 3.1 from Murphy, K. R. (Ed.) (1996). Individual differences and behavior in organizations, p. 47. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Slide 7: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Chad Baker/Getty Images, Source Image ID: CC000611, Filename: JPG Slide 9: Figure 3.2 from Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge University Press. Slide 10: Figure 3.3 from Guion, R. M. (1998). Assessment, measurement, and prediction, Fig. 3.7, p Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Reprinted by permission of Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Slide 11: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Jeff Maloney/Getty Images, Source Image ID: LS003211, Filename: JPG Slide 17: Figure 3.4 from Hogan, R., & Blake, R. J. (1996). Vocational interests: Matching self-concept with the work environment. In K. R. Murphy (Ed.), Individual differences and behavior in organizations, pp.98, 99. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Slide 19: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Royalty-Free/CORBIS, Source Image ID: CB056671, Filename: BCU0053.jpg