Genomes available to study at 1.Arabidopsis 2.Fast plant 3. Sorghum 4. Brachypodium distachyon 5. Amaranthus (C4 dicot) 6. Quinoa 7. Kalanchoe 8. Venus fly traps 9. C3 vs C4 Atriplex 10. C3 vs C4 Flaveria 11. C3 vs C4 Panicum 12. P. oleracea C4-CAM 13. P. afra C3-CAM 14. M. crystallinum C3-CAM

Genomes available to study at (most can also be searched at

Brachypodium distachyon

Flowering Long-days (20 hours, but not 14) Most diploid varieties have absolute requirement for vernalization

Brachypodium distachyon Flowering Long-days (20 hours, but not 14) Most diploid varieties have absolute requirement for vernalization No mention of GA, CO 2 or high T effects!

Brassica rapa (fast plants) Flowering time varies widely between different accessions (turnips, chinese cabbage, Pak choi, fast plants) Long-days Some varieties require vernalization, others do not!

Brassica rapa (fast plants) Some varieties require vernalization, others do not! Select against early flowering in crops to increase yield, low T can trigger early flowering Have 4 FLC alleles, flowering time & vernalization requirement depends on alleles (& splicing variants)

Brassica rapa (fast plants) Some varieties require vernalization, others do not! Select against early flowering in crops to increase yield, low T can trigger early flowering Have 4 FLC alleles, flowering time & vernalization requirement depends on alleles (& splicing variants) Lots of work on low T & photoperiod, didn’t find any on CO 2 or high T.

Arabidopsis thaliana Very extensive studies on photoperiod, low and high T on flowering and some on CO 2 High T accelerates flowering Recently identified a QTL affecting flowering at elevated CO 2

Portulaca oleracea Many studies on effects of temperature and photoperiod on germination Most omega-3 fatty acids of any plant seed!

Transition to Flowering Adults are competent to flower, but need correct signals Very complex process! Can be affected by: Daylength T (esp Cold) Water stress Nutrition Hormones Age

Transition to Flowering Can be affected by nutrition Pi deprivation induces miR399 Travels in phloem to repress PHO2, a neg regulator of Pi uptake miR399 enhances TSF expression Sucrose enhances miR399 expression (also many other genes) miR399 is Temp S!

Water Transport In leaf water passes to mesophyll, then to air via stomates Driving force = vapor pressure deficit (VPD) air dryness ∆ H 2 O vapor pressure [H 2 O (g) ] & saturated H 2 O vapor pressure saturated H 2 O vapor pressure varies with T, so RH depends on T VPD is independent of T: says how fast plants lose H 2 O at any T

Water Transport Rate depends on pathway resistances stomatal resistance

Water Transport Rate depends on pathway resistances stomatal resistance Controlled by opening/closing

Water Transport Rate depends on pathway resistances stomatal resistance boundary layer resistance Influenced by leaf shape & wind

Light regulation of Plant Development Plants use light as food and information Use information to control development

Light regulation of Plant Development Plants use light as food and information Use information to control development germination germination

Light regulation of Plant Development Plants use light as food and information Use information to control development Germination Germination Photomorphogenesis vs skotomorphogenesis Photomorphogenesis vs skotomorphogenesis

Light regulation of Plant Development Plants use light as food and information Use information to control development Germination Germination Photomorphogenesis vs skotomorphogenesis Photomorphogenesis vs skotomorphogenesis Sun/shade & shade avoidance Sun/shade & shade avoidance

Light regulation of Plant Development Germination Germination Morphogenesis Morphogenesis Sun/shade & shade avoidance Sun/shade & shade avoidance Flowering Flowering

Light regulation of Plant Development Germination Germination Morphogenesis Morphogenesis Sun/shade & shade avoidance Sun/shade & shade avoidance Flowering Flowering Senescence Senescence

Light regulation of growth Plants sense 1.Light quantity

Light regulation of growth Plants sense 1.Light quantity 2.Light quality (colors)

Light regulation of growth Plants sense 1.Light quantity 2.Light quality (colors) 3.Light duration

Light regulation of growth Plants sense 1.Light quantity 2.Light quality (colors) 3.Light duration 4.Direction it comes from

Light regulation of growth Plants sense 1.Light quantity 2.Light quality (colors) 3.Light duration 4.Direction it comes from Have photoreceptors that sense specific wavelengths

Light regulation of growth Early work: Darwin showed that phototropism is controlled by blue light

Light regulation of growth Duration = photoperiodism (Garner and Allard,1920) Maryland Mammoth tobacco flowers in the S but not in N = short-day plant (SDP) Measures night! 30" flashes during night stop flowers LDP plants such as Arabidopsis need long days to flower SDP flower in fall, LDP flower in spring, neutral flower when ready

Light regulation of growth Measures night! 30" flashes during night stop flowers LDP plants such as Arabidopsis need long days to flower SDP flower in fall, LDP flower in spring, neutral flower when ready Next : color matters! Red light works best for flowering

Light regulation of growth Next : color matters! Red light (666 nm)works best for flowering & for germination of many seeds!

Phytochrome Next : color matters! Red light (666 nm)works best for flowering & for germination of many seeds! But, Darwin showed blue works best for phototropism!

Phytochrome Next : color matters! Red light (666 nm)works best for flowering & for germination of many seeds! But, Darwin showed blue works best for phototropism! Different photoreceptor!

Phytochrome But, Darwin showed blue works best for phototropism! Different photoreceptor! Red light (666 nm) promotes germination Far red light (>700 nm) blocks germination

Phytochrome But, Darwin showed blue works best for phototropism! Different photoreceptor! Red light (666 nm) promotes germination Far red light (>700 nm) blocks germination

Phytochrome Red light (666 nm) promotes germination Far red light (>700 nm) blocks germination After alternate R/FR flashes last flash decides outcome

Phytochrome Red light (666 nm) promotes germination Far red light (>700 nm) blocks germination After alternate R/FR flashes last flash decides outcome Seeds don't want to germinate in the shade!

Phytochrome Red light (666 nm) promotes germination Far red light (>700 nm) blocks germination After alternate R/FR color of final flash decides outcome Seeds don't want to germinate in the shade! Pigment is photoreversible