Pre Columbian North America Craig Self

The Americas Before 1492… Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other

The Americas Before 1492… As settlers migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America, they developed quite different and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

Corn & the Pueblo Corn was the main staple of the Pueblo Adapted to live near corn (water, fertile soil, perma housing) Combined hunting, gathering and farming Domesticated turkeys Deer attracted to fields Became vulnerable to drought and nature

Chinook and Trade Chinook language the basis of NW trade Peaceful due to prosperity Internal conflict handled via ritual challenge Head flattening…?

Plains Indians & the Horse Adaptation to the dependence on buffalo From farming cultures but abandoned it American midwest & high desert

Skill 1: Historical Causation Identifying and analyzing the RELATIONSHIPS among historical events as both CAUSE and EFFECT.

Iroquois & Algonquin NE seaboard Mixed Agricultural and Hunter-Gatherer society Permanent villages

Algonquin Semi nomadic (seasonal villages) Farming, hunting, fishing Southern settlements more stable and larger than northern Eventually would make dozens of treaties with Europeans Villages structured on clans

Iroquois Confederation of 5 main tribes Council to keep the peace Matrilineal descent Hiawatha

Cahokia

Spanish & Portuguese Exploration Racially based caste system Mestizo Peninsulares (Gauchupino) Zambo Introduction of the slave trade

Spanish Economic Systems Livestock Plantation agriculture Encomienda system

The Columbian Exchange

Europeans Other Than the Spanish & Portuguese English Dutch French

Dutch & French Fur Trade, 17 th c.

Walter Raleigh English explorer, privateer and colonist Friend of Queen Elizabeth Names Virginia after her Founds Roanoke, which fails Base for privateers

Privateers A privateer or "corsair" was a private person or ship authorized by a government by letters of marque to attack foreign vessels during wartime.letters of marque English royal “pyrates” Allowed to plunder Spanish ships and ports

The Black Legend Portrayal of the Spanish as excessively cruel, bigoted and self-righteous Shapes much western thought on Spain Attributable to racial beliefs and the Spanish treatment of the Americas

St. Augustine Founded in 1565 and considered (wrongly!) to be oldest continually settled city in the USA Served as capital of Spanish Florida for 200+ years Penitas, TX

Spanish Mission System to convert, educate, and "civilize" the indigenous population and transform the natives into Spanish colonial citizens. The indigenous people weren’t always thrilled… American southwest & west The Alamo, The Presidio…

Juan Oñante Spanish governor of the Southwest, late 1590s Claimed all of N.M. Reputation as cruel Battle of Acoma 800 killed and 80 men had feet amputated, 200+ women sold as slaves Eventually called to answer for behavior but pardoned “The Last Conquistador”