FROZEN FROGS!! 6 1 2

3 4 THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA

ABIOTIC FACTORS: TEMPERATURE

MACROCLIMATE

MICROCLIMATE 7

Altitude Effects

Aspect Effects Big Bend National Park – Chisos Mountains North South

Vegetation Effects Fig. 4.3 in Molles 2008

Ground Color Effects

Boulders, Burrow, Snags, etc.

Fig. 5.6 in Molle 2008 TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR VERSUS SOIL (Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge)

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

Fig. 5.2 in Molles 2008 TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

Specific Heat of Water: It takes 1 cal of energy to heat 1 cm 3 of water 1 o C Specific Heat of Air: It takes.0003 cal of energy to heat 1 cm 3 of air 1 o C A) Specific Heat THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER

B) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Evaporization Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe National Monument, AZ Evaporating Water Absorbs a Tremendous Amount of Heat Energy THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER (Cooling Effect on Surroundings)

C) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Fusion Freezing Water Releases a Tremendous Amount of Energy THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER (Warming Effect on Surroundings)

Lake Effect Snow

Lake Effect Cold, dry air passing over “warm” water picks up water vapor and heat,forming clouds Clouds encounter colder land mass, rain or snow results

COPING WITH EXTREME TEMPERATURE ADAPTATION: an anatomical, physiological or behavioral characteristic that improves a population’s ability to survive and reproduce under prevailing environmental conditions.

ADAPTATION: Result from Evolutionary Processes (Populations) Reproductive Output Exceeds Capacity of Environment

ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES (Populations) Variation

ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES (Populations) Intraspecific Competition

THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA

Figs. 5.15, 5.14 in Molles 2008 THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA: Sulphur Oxidase Function PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA: Population Growth Rate

(Sceloporus undulatus) MEI = C – F - U METABOLIZABLE ENERGY INTAKE (MEI)

Fig in Molles 2008

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Boreal Moss Desert Shrub

Fig in Molles 2008

RAINBOW TROUT O o – 4 o C 20 o C

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

Fig. 5.9 in Molles 2008

ADAPTATIONS TO TEMPERATURE

PRINCIPLE OF ALLOCATION As a Population Adapts to a Set of Environmental Conditions, its Fitness in Other Environments is Reduced Levins, “Evolution in Changing Environments”

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) Single Culture Grown at 37 o C Grown at 32 o C, 37 o C, and 42 o C 2,000 Generations

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) 2,000 Generations Cultures Adapted to 32 o C, 37 o C, 42 o C Grown at 20 o C

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) Fig. 5.8 in Molles 2008

ACCLIMATION: Physiological (Not Genetic) Adjustment to change in environmental factor within one organism

Grown in Cold Environment Grown in Hot Environment

Fig in Molles 2008

HEAT EXCHANGE

Fig in Molles 2008

H s : H cd : H cv : H e : H m : H r :

Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants Desert Marigold

Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants

Alpine Chickweed Temperature Regulation: Arctic / Alpine Plants

Temperature Regulation: Animals

ECTOTHERMS: Rely on external sources of energy to regulate temperature (= Poikilotherms)

ECTOTHERMS: COPING WITH EXTREME TEMPERATURES

Clear-Winged Grasshopper (and Grasshopper Fungus)

Fig in Molles 2008

Grasshopper Fungus Fig in Molles 2008

ENDOTHERMS: Relies on internal sources of energy to regulate temperature (= Homeotherms)

THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE Fig in Molles 2008

OUTSIDE THE THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE?

THERMOREGULATION: Countercurrent Circulation Fig in Molles 2008

TORPOR ESTIVATION HIBERNATION INACTIVITY

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