Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August 24-28, 2009 STATISTICAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER J and S Building, 104 Kalayaan Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City Introduction to Statistical Concepts

2 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Introduction to Statistical Concepts OUTLINE  What is Statistics  General Uses of Statistics  Steps in a Statistical Inquiry  Two Aims of Statistics  Population and Sample  Parameter and Statistic  Kinds of Variables  Types of Data  Levels of Measurement

3 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Statistics plural sense a set of numerical data singular sense branch of science which deals with the * collection * presentation * analysis * interpretation of data

4 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 General Uses of Statistics 1. aids in decision making provides comparison explains action that have taken place justifies a claim or assertion predicts future outcome estimates unknown quantities 2. summarizes data for public use

5 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Steps in Statistical Inquiry #1 Choosing the Problem and Stating the Hypothesis #2 Formulating The Research Design #6 Interpreting Results #3 Data Collection #4 Coding the Data #5 Processing and Analyzing Data

6 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Two Aims of Statistics  To describe Statistics aims to explain variation… Variation is inevitable… * Weights of people in this room are not the same. * Household Income vary from household to household. * Peso dollar exchange rate varies from day to day.  To infer

7 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Areas of Statistics Descriptive statistics  composed of methods concerned with collecting, describing, and analyzing a set of data without drawing conclusions or inferences about a large group Inferential statistics  composed of methods concerned with the analysis of a subset of data leading to predictions or inferences about the entire set of data

8 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Key Definitions  A population (universe) is the collection of things under consideration; Parameters are numerical measures that describe the population of interest.  A sample is a portion of the population selected for analysis; statistics are numerical measures of a sample

9 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Convention:  Population parameters are donated by Greek letters;  (mu),  (sigma),  (rho), (lambda),  (tau),  (theta),  (alpha) and  (beta). EXAMPLE: population average is often donated as .  Statistics are donated by English letters: p (sample proportion), s (sample standard deviation)

10 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Definition of Terms  An observation is a realized value of a variable.  Data is the collection of observations.  Variables - a characteristic or attribute of persons or objects which can assume different values for different persons or objects e.g. shape, color, size, weight, sex, income

11 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Kinds of Variables 1.Qualitative variable  non-numerical values 2.Quantitative variable  numerical values a. Discrete countable b. Continuous measurable Broad classification of Variables

12 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Levels of Measurement 1.Nominal scale  Numbers or symbols used to classify  Categories are distinct, mutually exclusive and mutually exhaustive 2.Ordinal scale  Accounts for order; no indication of distance between positions 3.Interval scale  Equal intervals; may be added or subtracted; no absolute zero 4.Ratio scale  Has absolute zero

13 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , 2009 Workshop: Specify if the data is quantitative or qualitative. Indicate too the level of measurement. 1.Amount spent on fertilizer (actual amount in pesos) 2.Membership in an organization for farmers (member or non- member) 3.Number of years farming (in actual number of years) 4.Satisfaction with the implementation of the program (Very satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, very dissatisfied) 5.Awareness of a project (aware, not aware) 6.Number of children immunized (exact count) 7.Proportion of farmers who benefit from the program

14 Statistical Research and Training Center Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August , Addresses of households 9.Causes of delay of delivery of project (LGU official, department personnel, budget, others) 10.Sources of credit for farm inputs (savings and income from other employment, relatives, informal sources, banks, microfinance institutions, others) 11.Actual amount of last loan granted 12.Interest rate of last loan granted 13.Terms of payment of last loan granted Workshop: Specify if the data is quantitative or qualitative. Indicate too the level of measurement.

Training Course on Basic Statistics for Research August 24-28, 2009 STATISTICAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER J and S Building, 104 Kalayaan Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City Thank you.