Urbanization of America ( ) Why? Population growth (80 million by 1900) Economic and social opportunities Entertainment, shopping, electricity, indoor plumbing, telephones Opportunity for women (1 million workers by 1890s) Why not? Segregation by class, ethnicity and race Poor living conditions (tenements) Rampant crime Poor sanitation

Louis Sullivan “ Form follows function”

Frank Lloyd Wright

Brooklyn Bridge (1883)

Electric Trolleys Streetcar Suburbs

Gibson Girl Charles Dana Gibson

“New Immigration” ( ) 27 million arrived in US…11 million went back Mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe Poor, illiterate Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Jewish Not welcomed by “old stock natives” as well as “old immigration” Why did they come?

Ellis Island - Port of entry for most immigrants

"Give us your tired, your poor/ Your huddled masses yearning to breath free/The wretched refuse of your teeming shore." -- Emma Lazarus Statue of Liberty (1876)

Response to “New Immigration”=Nativism American Protective Association (APA) formed in urged not to vote for Catholic candidates -had some success with forcing legislation to stop criminals, mentally ill, anarchists and those with contagious diseases enter US Organized Labor against immigrants as well Political Machines supported immigration Josiah Strong Our Country – blamed immigrants for the conditions in the cities

Chinese Immigrants - not part of New immigration Denis Kearny and the Workingmens’ Party of California (1877) -called for complete exclusion of Chinese -influenced national policy WHY?

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): Ended Chinese immigration (lasted until 1943)

Reform and Reformers (inspired by urbanization) Social Gospel Movement – Christianity should improve life now rather than in afterlife Walter Rauschenbusch Washington Gladden

Settlement House Movement immigrants were taught English, offered classes in nutrition, health, and child care, discussed the day’s events, and could hold celebrations. Helped immigrants cope with American big-city life; provided child-care Became a model for other settlement houses in other cities Jane Addams

Hull House, Chicago

Henry Street Settlement, New York Lillian Wald Significance of the Settlement House Movement?

Arrived from England in 1879 Appealed to the poverty stricken; free soup most obvious contribution

Clara Barton – American Red Cross (1881) Municipal Housekeeping

YWCA-Young Women's Christian Association (1858) YMCA-Young Men’s Christian Association

New Morality Victoria Woodhull

Anthony Comstock Comstock Law (1873)

Tammany Hall

Reform Movements Most important female organization in the 19th c. and most powerful lobbying group. Championed planned parenthood. Supported creation of orphans homes and industrial schools for girls. Most important suffrage group in late 19th c. Francis Willard Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Carrie A. Nation

Anti-Saloon League formed in 1893 Picked up WCTU’s fight but had more political connections to get legislation passed. Organized like a business Saw alcohol as a cause of poverty By 1900, 25% of Americans living in communities with restrictions on alcohol

National Women’s Suffrage Association Included Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. Exluded men; opposed black suffrage until women could vote. American Women Suffrage Association Headed by Lucy Stone Included men Supported black suffrage as stepping-stone to female suffrage. Worked for suffrage at state level rather than national level. Successful in gaining suffrage in Wyoming (1869) and Utah (1870) Women Suffrage Movement Splits!

The rival NWSA and the AWSA merged in 1890 to form the NAWSA National American Women’s Suffrage Association

Religion and Urbanization Dwight Lyman Moody Urban revivalist

Mary Baker Eddy Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science)

Charles Darwin disrupts the Churches Origin of the Species (1859) "survival of the fittest.“ Fundamentalists v. Modernists Henry Ward Beecher

Education growth of public education Growth of normal schools Nationwide support of kindergarten

Establishment of parochial schools (Catholic) soon to become mainstream

Chautauqua Movement - adult education (included famous people (ex. Mark Twain)

Higher Education Morrill Act of ,000 acres for each state for purpose of education Hatch Act of expansion of Morrill Act providing federal funds for agricultural labs

Philanthropy supplemented higher education (Cornell (1865), Vanderbilt, Leland Stanford Junior (1891), Univ. of Chicago (1892) Specialized schools created (John Hopkins Medical School, 1876)

Josiah Willard Gibbs William James

Newspaper Monopoly Joseph Pulitzer William Hearst

Yellow Journalism What did the newspapers focus on?

Edwin L. Godkin Most influential journalist of the Gilded Age The Nation, most influential journal Advocated civil service reform, honesty in gov’t, and a moderate tariff

Henry George Progress and Poverty (1879)

Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward (1888)

Henry Demarest Lloyd Wealth against Commonwealth (1894) Thorstein Veblen -- The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)

Jacob A. Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890) Very influential on TR

Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Women and Economics (1898) Considered a classic in feminist literature

Art Ashcan School

Winslow Homer ( )

James McNeill Whistler ( )

Georgia O’Keeffe

John Marin

Literature Horatio Alger Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Mark Twain

O Captain! My Captain! O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! heart! Heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths--for you the shores accrowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck You've fallen cold and dead. My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will, The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult O shores, and ring O bells! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.