CM 220: College Composition II Unit 4 Seminar Interpreting the Experts and Finding Your Voice: How to use APA and Avoid Plagiarism

Unit 4 activities Reading: Introduction to unit; The Kaplan Guide to Successful Writing, chapters 11-12; Ceil Pillsbury article (found in Business Source Complete database) Quiz: Interactive quizzes on plagiarism, citation, paraphrasing/quoting/summarizing [not graded--see links to external quizzes by clicking on the Reading icon on unit home page] Seminar: Review of APA citation and paraphrasing, discussion of Ceil Pillsbury article Tech Lab: Blogs and social networking sites (Facebook)

Unit 4 Activities Invention Lab: Find a credible research article related to your big idea, write an APA reference page and in-text citation for that source, and paraphrase a key point from the article. Project: Pre-interview worksheet and comparison/contrast of 2-3 sources relating to and challenging your big idea

Finding Credible Sources Library databases Online journals Googlescholar.com Look for sources with known authors, reputable publishers, cited sources Always verify information Avoid wikipedia.com and other questionable sources

Library Tips and Tricks Chat Starting next week: a Weekly Library Tips & Tricks chat!  Beginning next Tuesday, March 22 at 8:00 pm ET, and following every Tuesday thereafter at the same time, the library will offer a live virtual classroom to discuss the library’s resources, new features in the library, research strategies, and hopefully a lot of tips to make your research life much easier.  You can find the link and more information on the calendar at the Research Guides page in the library.   

Video Orientation Looking for the research databases? Databases such as Academic Search Premier, CINAHL and LexisNexis can be found by clicking on the far right tab titled Find Articles and E-Books.  You can now view a video explaining how to find articles in the new library site.  The video tour goes over how to access the library successfully and demonstrates how to do a search for articles using the online research collection Academic Search Premier.  

What is APA? American Psychological Association: Standard for writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology. Most Kaplan courses require it Guides the layout of the document Requires parenthetical citations in the body of the essay Uses a reference page with full citations for each source cited in-text Exception: interviews or other personal communications that cannot be retrieved are only cited in-text

APA—6th edition New edition—number 6--has some slight differences from the 5th edition The Writing Center has posted new documents that reflect these changes Main changes: DOI Spacing after periods (2 instead of 1) Title page formatting

Instructions on Formatting Joni Boone, a Writing Center specialist, has designed a video showing students how to set up documents in APA format. http://www.screencast.com/users/Joni.Boone/folders/Jing/media/50487d39-0472-4db4-a96c-ee7cb86ba03c Also see resources in Doc Sharing’s APA folder and the class webliography

Document Formatting and Title Page

Body Page 2

References page formatting Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in upper- and lowercase letters. Include a page header and page number in the upper right-hand corner. Alphabetize by author’s last name. Double-space throughout. Use a hanging indent (1st line of each entry flush left, indent subsequent lines 5-7 spaces). Match with in-text citations. Italicize titles of books and periodicals.

References Page

3 Ways to Use Sources Quote Summarize Paraphrase LIMIT the use of quotes. Increase the originality of your paper by TRANSLATING the information from the sources into your own language.

Why is it Important to Cite? Helps to build credibility Shows your readers you are honest and that you have done your research! Gives reader necessary information to find sources and do further research Helps avoid issues with plagiarism.

How to Cite No matter how you use the source, whether quoted, paraphrased or summarized, it must be cited both in-text and on the References page. List sources alphabetically on the References page and make sure citations match up (author, title, or organization name in in-text citation should be the first part of the entry on the References page). Cite within the paper where you use these sources-show WHICH sources have been used, WHERE, and to WHAT EXTENT by using IN TEXT CITATIONS

In-text Citations Requires two or three pieces of information: Author’s last name Year Page or paragraph number (required for direct quotes only) (Thompson, 2007) (Thompson, 2007, p. 345) OR (Thompson, 2007, ¶ 4) A survey by the Census Bureau indicates that half of American households have a computer (Thompson, 2007). According to Thompson (2007), “50 percent of the population have computers” (p. 345).

In-text Citations with No Author Many sources do not have a cited author. Websites, for example, often use a CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, USDA). If no individual author is listed, cite by the CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, 2008) or if no corporate author is listed, by the title of the article or page you are using (New Technologies in the Workplace, 2009).

APA 6th Edition and DOI Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of retrieval date and database for information obtained electronically (library database, for example) or online DOI – “a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed” (Trexler Library, 2010, p. 3).

Common Source Types Books Journal articles Magazine articles Newspaper articles Web sites Interviews Speeches Remember, each source has a specific formatting style!

Book with one author Maslow, A.H. (1974). Toward a psychology of being. Princeton: Van Nostrand. Author. (Publication year). Title. City of publication: publishing company. IN TEXT CITATION: (Maslow, 1974).

Journal Article Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs. Journal of Social Issues, 21(10), 1-28. Author. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal name, volume #(issue #), page number(s). IN TEXT CITATION: (Miller, 1969). For quote: (Miller, 1969, p. 27).

Magazine Article McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychology Today, 46, 61-63. Author’s name. (year/month of publication). Article title. Magazine Name, volume #, page number(s). IN TEXT CITATION: (McCurdy, 1983).

Newspaper Article James, W.R. (1993, November 16). The uninsured and health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A14. Author’s name. (Publication date). Article title. Newspaper name, page # and section. IN TEXT CITATION: (James, 1993).

Internet Source-author known Smith, K. & Jones, M. (2003). Building a better rifle. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from http://www.buildingrifles.com. Please note that APA has changed its rule about including a RETRIEVAL DATE. In general, if a source is apt to change (updated material, for example), a Retrieval date is required; otherwise, no retrieval date is included.

Internet Source—Corporate Author U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2003). Guidelines for growing certified organic foods (USDA Publication No. 02-3456). Retrieved from http://www.deptofag.gov/organics IN TEXT CITATION: (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2003).

Internet Sources Keep in mind that internet source citation styles can vary dramatically depending upon what information you have available. You want to include as much information as possible, make sure the link works, and ensure that the link on the references page takes the reader directly to the relevant page.

What is Plagiarism?

Why Use Sources? Sources can support our own reasoning and logic with expert opinion add credibility to an idea provide additional information Sources cannot be the entire essay string together to create entire paragraphs Above all, do not use a series of paraphrases and quotations as your whole paragraph. Paragraphs are not compilations of sources; we are writing original work, not repeating our sources’ ideas only.

Using Sources Appropriately Use to support and explain your own ideas Consider drafting without any sources and then adding sources to help defend, develop and explore your ideas. Avoid simply cutting and pasting information from sources Do not fill your papers with source information for the sake of filling up space Interact with and analyze source information Do not over-quote!

To Avoid Plagiarizing. . . Cite in-text and on the references page Paraphrase if translating into your own words Quote if using the source’s exact language

What is Paraphrasing? Taking source ideas and translating them into your own language, vocabulary, and sentence structure The source’s meaning and ideas are not changed Paraphrasing does not simply change a few words. A paraphrase is usually shorter than the original source; a summary is even shorter.

How Do I Decide What to Cite? Is this information that most people would know? Is this information that would be known by those outside of a particular field? Is the information readily available in general reference sources like encyclopedias? If the answer to all three is “Yes,” then the material is common knowledge and you don’t need a citation (unless, of course, you want to use a direct quote!). For more details, go to http://library.csusm.edu/plagiarism/howtoavoid/how_avoid_common.htm

Which of These Needs a Citation? There are 5,283 hospice programs in the United States. The critic Stephen Greenblatt argues that the religious conflicts of his period, especially those that occurred during his youth, had an effect on Shakespeare's work. The freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Centigrade. The teen pregnancy rate declined by two percent between 1999 and 2000.

Tips for Effective Paraphrasing Decide where you need to include source information in your writing. Locate the source that best helps you to defend, develop or clarify your ideas Read the source WITHOUT having your paper open. This helps you to avoid cutting and pasting. Read the source until you understand it and can explain it to others without having the source open. Close your source. Open your paper. Insert the source information where you need it, in your own words. Compare the paraphrase to the original, changing any accidental cutting and pasting to your own words. Cite the source.

PLAGIARISM WORKSHOP, 1 ORIGINAL: “One of the most damaging consequences of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had better developed muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to regard healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. Yet this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men.” Wood, Julia T. Our Body, Our Image: How the Media Hurts Our Sense of Self. New York: Longman, 1998.

Plagiarism Workshop, 2 Is this plagiarism of that source? STUDENT VERSION ONE: A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s totally understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had bigger muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men.

Plagiarism Workshop, 3 Is this plagiarism of that source? STUDENT VERSION TWO A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s totally understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had bigger muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men (Wood)

Plagiarism Workshop, 4 Is this plagiarism? STUDENT VERSION THREE: A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. As Julia T. Wood points out, “It’s understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had better developed muscles, and never had pimples or cramps“ (300). What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is “precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men” (Wood 300).

Plagiarism Workshop, 5 Is this plagiarism? STUDENT VERSION FOUR: A casual glance at any fashion magazine makes the point—we need to weigh less, have clearer skin, larger breasts if we are women, and more hair if we are men. As Julia T. Wood points out, media images “encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems” (1998, p. 300). This media-generated perception--that our perfectly normal bodies must be altered to be acceptable--is changing how we perceive our own bodies and negatively impacting our society (Wood, 1998).

Practice Paraphrasing How would you paraphrase this source? “So That Nobody Has to go to School if They Don’t Want To,” by Roger Sipher A decline in standardized test scores is but the most recent indicator that American education is in trouble. One reason for the crisis is that present mandatory-attendance laws force many to attend school who have no wish to be there. Such children have little desire to learn and are so antagonistic to school that neither they nor more highly motivated students receive the quality education that is the birthright of every American. The solution to this problem is simple: Abolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend.