 Nutrients – substances that : › provide energy and/or › provide raw materials the body needs to grow, repair worn parts, and function properly › Many are polymers

 The process of breaking polymers into monomers (large molecule into small molecules)  In your body, your body breaks large food molecules into small food molecules that it can use

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

 An energy rich organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  From “carbo” - carbon, and “hydrate”- combined with water  Our body’s main energy source

 Simple carbohydrates › Sugars › Many different kinds › Are found in fruits, vegetables, milk, and sweets › Glucose – blood sugar › Sucrose is the sugar used to sweeten cookies, soda, etc.

› A long chain of simple carbohydrates › It is a polymer of sugar monomers › May have hundreds of carbon atoms › Starch and cellulose are 2 examples  Both are made of glucose monomers  Arranged differently  Starch is used for energy, found in bread, cereal, pasta, rice, potatoes  Cellulose can not be digested. Found in fruits, vegetables, and nuts

 Without proteins, there would be almost nothing left of you!  Make up hair, skin, fingernails, muscles.  Feathers, spider webs, fish scales, rhino horns are all made of protein

 Proteins are polymers  The monomers that make them are called amino acids › There are 20 different amino acids › They are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur › Each amino acid has a carboxyl group (- COOH) (like other organic acids)

 Amino acids also contain an amine group (NH2)  The body uses the food proteins to make your proteins  It breaks apart the protein polymers into monomers (amino acids)  Then, the body reassembles those amino acids into the proteins it needs to make

 Lipids are energy rich, like carbs  Lipids are also made of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  They store more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates  Examples are fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol

 Fats – in meats, butter cheese  Oils – corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, olive oil  Both are made of three fatty acid monomers and one alcohol monomer named glycerol

 Fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquids  Saturated fats are generally solids (higher melting points)  Unsaturated fatty acids are found in oils

 If the fatty acid has all single bonds, it is saturated  If and oil has fatty acids with one double bond, it is monounsaturated  If the oil has fatty acids with many double bonds, it is polyunsaturated

 Waxy substance found in all animal cells  Used to build cell structures and form chemical messengers  Body makes cholesterol, also gets it from foods from animals

 Very large polymers  Made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and phosphorus  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)  RNA (ribonucleic acid)  Monomers that make them are nucleotides

 Made of 4 kinds nucleotides  May have billions of nucleotides  The order of the nucleotides are coded instructions for cells  The differences among all living things depend on the order of nucleotides in the DNA

 RNA reads the DNA, carries the code out of the nucleus, and makes the protein at the ribosome of the cell

Organic compounds Are helper molecules in reactions in your body Ex. Vit C and vit D

 Elements needed by the body.  NOT ORGANIC