New World Beginnings Chapter 1 AP U.S. History

Overview By 1600 – Europe had created the world's first global economy Greatest human catastrophe – 90% Native Americans died, tens of millions of Africans enslaved Major Conflict between Europeans and Native Americans b/c of culture differences Spain? French? English?

The Shaping of North America Ice Age Land Bridge Western Hemisphere – by 9,000 BC Hunters By 9,000 BC gone - why? 8,000 BC- 1,500 BC – lived off?

Earliest Americans 1492 – Western Hem – 75 million Native Americans (7-10 million in North America) Respect for environment Everything – spiritual nature/alive/prayers Trade important Materials, ideas, spread religious beliefs When trade stopped, like declaring war

Family – kinships/clans kept them together Oral History Strong religion/belief in spirits

European Motives for Exploration in the Age of Discovery Nation-states sought power; competed against rivals New technology enabled Europeans to dominate Economics - Need for new markets esp. from the East (e.g., spices) Desire to Christianize new peoples Renaissance (starting late 14th c. lasting well into 16th c.) Atmosphere of rebirth, optimism, exploration

Indirect Discoverers of the World Crusades Spices, silks, etc Looking for routes

Europeans Enter Africa Marco Polo African winds – problems? Portuguese – caravel – to help find an all-water route to Asia African Coast – trading posts

Slavery Before Portugal – could move out of slavery After Portugal – becomes intercontinental business, no moving out! 12 million

European Culture and Society (1492) 70-80% of Europeans peasants Starving, revolts Increase in population (55 million in 1450 to 100 million by 1600) “commons” taken away (enclosed) Towns numerous, small Manufacturing - household workshops Family – father most important – model God's rule

Columbus Comes Upon a New World Why? Wealth, glory, Christianity Backed by Spain – competition with Portugal Renaissance Page 14 ***** Changed 4 continents – KNOW!!!!!

When World’s Collide Columbian Exchange – Chart page 15 ***** KNOW!!! Sugar Cane Negatives Entire pop. gone in 50 Weeds/ animals Encomiendas – harshly exploited Native Americans. Led to??

The Spanish Conquistadors Balboa – Pacific Ocean Magellan – circumnavigate Ponce de Leon - Florida De Soto - Southeast Pizarro – Inca’s Cortes – pages 20 – 21 – big religious differences

The Spread of Spanish America Cabot Cartier Spain encouraged settlement in 3 areas: Southeast Coast – protest fleets of gold/silver – St. Augustine, FL Southwest – mining West Coast – est trade routes across Pacific, set up missions

Footholds in North America 1510 – flow of wealth from America to Spain brought other Europeans Mexico, Caribbean, some along North Am coast St. Augustine – only colony

Questions What role did disease and forced labor (including slavery) play in the early settlement of the Americas? Were the Spanish and Portuguese “harsh” conquerors?