What’s the Matter? All of the materials around you are made up of matter. You are made up of matter, as are the chair you sit on and the air you breathe. 1. Give an example of solid matter. 2. Give an example of liquid matter. 3. Give an example of gaseous matter. 4. Is all matter visible? 5. Does all matter take up space? Section 2-1 Interest Grabber Go to Section:

2–1The Nature of Matter A.Atoms B.Elements and Isotopes 1.Isotopes 2.Radioactive Isotopes C.Chemical Compounds D.Chemical Bonds 1.Ionic Bonds 2.Covalent Bonds 3.Van der Waals Forces Section 2-1 Section Outline Go to Section:

6 C Carbon Section 2-1 An Element in the Periodic Table Go to Section:

Nonradioactive carbon-12Nonradioactive carbon-13Radioactive carbon-14 6 electrons 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons 6 electrons 6 protons 7 neutrons Section 2-1 Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon Go to Section:

Sodium atom (Na)Chlorine atom (Cl)Sodium ion (Na + )Chloride ion (Cl - ) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1 Section 2-1 Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding Go to Section:

Sodium atom (Na)Chlorine atom (Cl)Sodium ion (Na + )Chloride ion (Cl - ) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1 Section 2-1 Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding Go to Section:

Water, Water Everywhere If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from space, you know that much of the planet is covered by water. Water makes life on Earth possible. If life as we know it exists on some other planet, water must be present to support that life. Section 2-2 Interest Grabber Go to Section:

1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water in them. 2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you? 3. Did either list contain any living things? Section 2-2 Interest Grabber continued Go to Section:

2–2 Properties of Water A.The Water Molecule 1.Polarity 2.Hydrogen Bonds B.Solutions and Suspensions 1.Solutions 2.Suspensions C.Acids, Bases, and pH 1.The pH Scale 2.Acids 3.Bases 4.Buffers Section 2-2 Section Outline Go to Section:

Oven cleaner Bleach Ammonia solution Soap Sea water Human blood Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid Neutral Increasingly Basic Increasingly Acidic Section 2-2 pH Scale Go to Section:

Cl - Water Cl - Na + Water Na + Section 2-2 Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Go to Section:

Section 2-2 Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Go to Section: Cl - Water Cl - Na + Water Na +

Life’s Backbone Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms. As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain. Section 2-3 Interest Grabber Go to Section:

1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon. 2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them. 3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them. Section 2-3 Interest Grabber continued Go to Section:

2–3Carbon Compounds A.The Chemistry of Carbon B.Macromolecules C.Carbohydrates D.Lipids E.Nucleic Acids F.Proteins Section 2-3 Section Outline Go to Section:

Carbon Compounds include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain Section 2-3 Concept Map CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteins Sugars and starches Fats and oilsNucleotidesAmino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Go to Section:

MethaneAcetyleneButadieneBenzeneIsooctane Section 2-3 Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds Go to Section:

Starch Glucose Section 2-3 Figure 2-13 A Starch Go to Section:

General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Go to Section: Amino groupCarboxyl group

General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Go to Section: Amino groupCarboxyl group

General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Go to Section: Amino groupCarboxyl group

Amino acids Section 2-3 Figure 2-17 A Protein Go to Section:

Matter and Energy Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched flames flicker in a fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are called products. As wood burns, molecules of cellulose are broken down and combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor, and energy is released. Section 2-4 Interest Grabber Go to Section:

1. What are the reactants when wood burns? 2. What are the products when wood burns? 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns? 4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy? 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire? Section 2-4 Interest Grabber continued Go to Section:

2–4Chemical Reactions and Enzymes A.Chemical Reactions B.Energy in Reactions 1.Energy Changes 2.Activation Energy C.Enzymes D.Enzyme Action 1.The Enzyme-Substrate Complex 2.Regulation of Enzyme Activity Section 2-4 Section Outline Go to Section:

Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products Section 2-4 Effect of Enzymes Go to Section:

Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Section 2-4 Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions Go to Section:

Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Section 2-4 Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions Go to Section:

Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Go to Section: Active site

Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Go to Section: Active site

Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Go to Section: Active site

Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Go to Section: Active site