INTERGROUP RELATIONS IN PLURAL SOCIETIES PSYC 338

How much do you agree or disagree that: It is a good thing for any society to be made up of people from different races religions and cultures. Immigrants should give up their original culture for the sake of adopting New Zealand culture. Immigrants should maintain their original culture as long as they do not mix it with NZ culture. Immigrants should maintain their original culture while also adopting NZ culture.

LECTURE OUTLINE Overview and theoretical frameworks Social Psychology Cross-cultural Psychology Ethnocentrism Stereotypes Attributions Similarity-attraction and cultural distance Threat Integrated Threat Theory (Stephan) Instrumental model of group conflict (Esses) Contact

LECTURE OUTLINE (cont) Model of Attitudes toward Immigrants in New Zealand Multicultural Ideology Acculturation Expectations Multiculturalism and Biculturalism in New Zealand Common Ingroup Identity Conclusions

Ethnocentrism Stereotypes Attributions Similarity-attractiveness

Perceptions of Migrant Groups In New Zealand

THREAT THEORIES Integrated Threat Theory (Stephan) Realistic threat Symbolic threat Intergroup Anxiety Stereotypes

…. A flood of immigrants -many of whom will directly compete with Maori in terms of jobs, housing and access to health services. There is a need to keep a tight lid on immigration if we are to avoid New Zealand’s identity, values and heritage being swamped. Winston Peters, 2002

Immigrants take jobs away from Nzers. 25% Immigrants bring diseases into NZ that not would not otherwise be here. 25% REALISTIC THREAT % of agreement N = 2020

THREAT THEORIES Instrumental Model of Group Conflict (Esses) Resource stress Salient Outgroup Intergroup Competition Zero sum beliefs Fear and anxiety Outcomes Avoidance Discrimination

Allowing immigrant cultures to thrive means that NZ culture is weakened. 21% The more political power immigrants obtain, the more difficult it is for Nzers already living here. 28% ZERO SUM BELIEFS % agreement N = 2020

MAORI AND PAKEHA PERCEPTIONS OF THREAT (% of agreement) Maori Pakeha More jobs for immigrants means61 29 fewer jobs for Nzers. When immigrants promote their own values, it is at the expense of NZ values Note: N = 500

CONTACT HYPOTHESIS More intergroup contact results in more positive intergroup perceptions and harmonious relations (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2000) Particularly under optimal conditions: voluntary, positive, equal status, cooperative, pleasant, intimate

An integrated model of attitudes toward immigrants in New Zealand (Ward & Masgoret, 2006)

MULTICULTURAL IDEOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND

It is a good thing for any society to be made up of people from different races religions and cultures.

DIVERSITY INDICES

ACCULTURATION EXPECTATIONS Integration Assimilation Separation (Segregation) Marginalization (Exclusion)

ACCULTURATION EXPECTATIONS: NATIONAL SAMPLE (% of agreement) Immigrants should give up their original culture for the sake of adopting New Zealand culture. 21% Immigrants should maintain their original culture as long as they do not mix it with NZ culture. 28% Immigrants should maintain their original culture while also adopting NZ culture. 82%

ADOLESCENTS’ ACCULTURATION PREFERENCES AND EXPECTATIONS

NATIONAL AND ETHNIC IDENTITY

ACCULTURATION PREFERENCES AND EXPECTATIONS: MAORI AND NZE

MULTICULTURALISM AND BICULTURALISM

BICULTURALISM

MULTICULTURALISM

IMPLICATIONS OF MULTICULTURALISM Hyphenated, common ingroup identity Better adaptation of culturally diverse groups groups Better intergroup relations

CONCLUDING COMMENTS NZers have a strong multicultural ideology Both migrants and members of the receiving community favor integration Biculturalism and multiculturalism are not seen as mutually exclusive

OUR CHALLENGE TO ENSURE THAT All ethnic groups in New Zealand feel secure about their cultural identity and heritage All ethnic groups are able to participate fully and equally in New Zealand society The status of Maori as partners in the Treaty of Waitangi is protected as New Zealand evolves into a multicultural society

Additional References Lynskey, M. T., Ward, C., & Fletcher, G. J. O. (1991). Stereotypes and intergroup attributions in New Zealand. Psychology ad Developing Societies, 3 (1), Ward, C., & Lin, E.-Y. (2005). Immigration, acculturation and national identity in New Zealand. In J. Liu, T. McCreanor, T. McIntosh & T. Teaiwa (Eds). New Zealand identities: Departures and destinations. (pp ). Wellington: Victoria University Press.