TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 SEMINAR ON TIME USE SURVEYS Brussels, 12 October 2006

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Two surveys on Time Use Sample of households All members aged 3 years and over were required to fill in a day diary The data  21,075 households  55,773 individuals  51,206 diary days  13,729 households  39,286 individuals  38,110 diary days

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 ACTIVITY CATEGORIES The data  Personal care  Study  Paid work  Domestic work  Travels  Free time Main activities onlyAverage day

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Graph 1 - Time use among persons aged 3 years and over – Year (Percentage, hours and minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Graph 2 - Time use among persons aged 3 years and over by survey year (Percentage, hours and minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Graph 3 - Time use among persons aged 3 years and over by activity (hours and minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Graph 4 - Changes ( ) in time for personal care by gender and age group (minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Time for personal care Graph 5 - Time for personal care among persons aged 3 years and over by gender, activity and survey year (hours and minute s) Gender differences surveyed in disappear. In time for personal care is for both men and women around 11h36’.

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Graph 6 – Time for studying among persons aged 3 years and over by gender and age group (minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Graph 7 - Time for paid work among employed by gender and type of day (Hours and minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Time for paid work Not for all the employed the average time appears to be stable For men living in couple with children (in an average day goes from 6h08’ to 6h29’) For women living in couple without children (in average day goes from 4h35’ to 4h59’) The work time share increased mainly

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Time for paid work Family workload enhances gender differences in terms of time devoted to gainful work Becoming fathers induces men to devote more time to paid work. Women, instead, succed in investing more in paid work only if they aren’t mothers

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 In Italy, the amount of time women devote to domestic work represents the most evident element of gender difference in the use of daily time. In , women dedicate to domestic work on average 4h30’, while men only 1h28’. Time for domestic work Graph 8 – Gender gap (W-M) in domestic work among persons aged 3 years and over by survey year and age group (minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Despite the strong gender asymmetry, the gap decreased compared with , thanks to opposite trends: A decrease for women: -24 minutes (-21’ for the employed). An increase for men: +18 minutes. Changes in time for domestic work Graph 9 - Changes in time ( ) for domestic work by gender and age group (difference in minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Time for domestic work: mothers and fathers Women with the heaviest workload are still those living in couple and with children. Women aged between 25 and 44, living in couple with children, have a higher domestic workload (about 3 hours), compared to women of the same age but without children (6h47’ and 3h52’ respectively). For mothers of this age group, also the time gain is more limited: +26’ in comparison with +35’ of the same age women but without children. For men too, family situation influences the quantity of time devoted to domestic work though to a lesser extent. Considering the age group included between 25 and 44, fathers living in couple and single parents are those who spend more time not only in paid work but also in domestic work (1h43’ and 1h45’ respectively).

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 The internal composition of domestic work is changing Significant changes are also emerging in the internal composition of this portion of daily time. For men too, the time fathers devote to childcare increases, mainly in the age group: though time for childcare has risen from 26’ to 43’, housekeeping time is substantially stable. The age group between 25 and 44 presents the most evident changes in the internal composition of domestic work, registering a 49-minute drop in housekeeping and a 27-minute increase in childcare. ChildcareHousekeeping For mothers

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 The total work time From 1h51’to 1h09’ The different domestic work time trend determined a change in total time work. For employed women is down 25’ For employed men is up 17’ Thanks to these opposite trends, the gender differences as to total workload are reduced 8h30’ against 7h21’

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 (8h09’) The total work time The most critical work over burden is for 25 to 44 men living in couple with children. Time devoted to paid work increased by 21’ Time devoted to domestic work is 20’ longer Total work time increased by 41’ For same age people with no children, the total work time in like in exceeds slightly 7 hours (7h08’)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 The highest increase surveyed in female population has led to a reduction in gender differences as regards this activity. Men still devote a longer time to everyday trips, but the difference is more limited. From 31’To 21’ Graph 10 - Changes ( ) in time for travels by gender and age groups (minutes) People share travelling at least once during the day also increased: from 76.2% in to 89.7% in

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Graph 11 - Time spent at home by gender and age group (Hours and minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Free time Personal care Paid work Domestic work Study Travels 79.7% of 24 hours Stable but less free time also for employed people 4h01’ for men, 3h10’ for women. 4h51’ dedicated to free time, 4h41’ in 1988

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Graph 12 - Free time among persons aged 3 years and over by gender and age group (Hours and minutes) Of course, children in pre-school age and the elderly have a higher quantity of free time. As the school involvement increases or is replaced by, paid or domestic, workloads, the share of the day devoted to free time activities drastically reduces, before expanding again, when work activity ends and domestic workloads decrease.

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Graph 13 - Free time among persons aged 3 years and over by gender and age group (minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 The pieces of a puzzle Changes occurred since do not concern only the contents of the day but also the different pace characterising the 24 hours. Considering the episodes, they amount to 25.4 on an average day in , and to 20 in The articulation of daily time has become more complex and varied compared to the past. Graph 14 - Mean of episods by gender and age group - Years and

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 The daily pace The overlapping of activities also increased: while, in , more than one sixth of the day (4h11’) is spent carrying out several activities at the same time; in , it was more limited (3h31’). Even considering the share of time spent performing more than one activity at the same time, the day of women is still more intense and heterogeneous than that of men. Graph 15 - Percentage of episods with parallel activities by gender and age group - Years and

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Which changes? Domestic work increases Domestic workload decreases For EVERYBODY time for travelling is on the increase EVERYBODY spend less time at home For EVERYBODY the day is more varied and articulated For MEN For WOMEN For EVERYBODY time for personal care decreases Almost for EVERYBODY free time increases

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 Which changes? domestic work personal care trips The picture coming out from it shows a traditional sharing of roles, where men invest in their paid work and women take up much of the domestic work, even if they are employed. In spite of such persistent gender asymmetry, some signs of convergence between men’s and women’s time use patterns appear. Time use patterns still reflect in a strong gender connotation. Stable the gender gap concerning free time

TIME USE SURVEY Seminar on Time Use Surveys Brussels, 12 October 2006 For men: paid and domestic work time broadened together with free time (-22’) also personal care time decreased (-33’) For women: they always represent the group more conditioned by compulsory times. the decrease in time for domestic work is the most limited they didn’t gain in free time wich is still very low (2h31’) employed men and women in couple with children A population share deserving attention