Globalization A World Without Borders in the 21 st century

By definition… emergence of a global society in which events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world.

Forms of globalization Economic Cultural Political Environmental

Economic Globalization

Expansion after communism Free trade and privatization Global multinational corporations – Seek cheapest labor and resources – Apart of laws and restrictions of any one nation Tata Group in Great Britain

World Agreements and Organizations WTO, 1995 – World Trade Organization – Supervises international trade – 151 member nations

Economic Globalization in Asia Japan “The Economic Miracle” – Benefited from U.S. investment and trade – Centered around export- oriented market ‘The Little Tigers’ – Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan Singapore

Economic Globalization in Asia Post-Mao China – Opened up to foreign investment – Gradual shift to market economy – Offered vast, cheap labor and huge domestic markets – China joined WTO in 2001

Trading Blocs European Union – Includes 15 nations – Promotes free trade and travel – 11 nations adopted the Euro in 1999 – Expectation of European Political Union OPEC – Established in 1960 – Placed oil embargo on U.S. in 1973, prices quadrupled Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

OPEC

Cultural Globalization

Cross Cultural Exchanges Western consumerism becoming global phenomenon – McDonalds – Coca-Cola Advertisement in Morocco

Cross Cultural Exchanges Sara/Dara (Iran) Barbie/Ken (U.S.)

Mass Tourism Largest single industry on planet Now travel and tourism is the largest single industry on the planet Tourism exposes cultural variations and diversity of local traditions Tourism leads to revival and transformation of indigenous cultural traditions

Dubai, UAE

The Internet Provides mass communication and influence Allows for home office and telecommuting Critics believe its creates English hegemony Authoritarian Regimes China attempts a firewall to control Internet information Vietnam and Iraq limit access to foreign servers on Internet

Political Globalization Problems and Concerns

Political Impact High demand on certain product Trading bloc limits product, sets up trade restriction Disruption of trade on certain product Example is oil Example: 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait Ineffective UN sanctions Fear of Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia Coalition led invasion in 1991

Kuwait Oil Field

Environmental Globalization Urbanization and agricultural expansion threaten biodiversity Gas emissions and coal burning contributing to global warming In 1997 at Kyoto, 159 states met to cut carbon dioxide emissions

Population Issues 5.5 billion people in billion people in 2200 population explosion after WWII – Asia and Africa UN agencies have aided many countries with family-planning programs China's one-child policy has significantly reduced growth rate cultures favor larger families – India

The World in the 21 st Century

Problems of 21 st century Poverty Labor servitude – S. and SE Asia Terrorism – 9/11/01 Human Rights – Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2008 Olympics Disease – Smallpox eradicated – HIV/AIDS identified in 1981 in San Francisco – Effect on Africa

Global Terrorism Difficult to define terrorism Terrorist organizations changed over time – Islamic militants – IRA, neo-nazis

U.S. Department of Defense Definition The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.

International Response to Global Problems NGOs Red Cross Greenpeace Amnesty International Human Rights Watch Government United Nations

Global Society and Women

Women in U.S. Rise of feminism and equal rights – Roe vs. Wade, 1973 – legalized abortion Status changed after WWII in industrialized states Birth control

Women in China Communist states often improve women’s legal status – Soviet Union and the ‘Kitchen Debate’ have not yet gained true equality One-child policy encourages infanticide or abandonment of baby girls

Women in Arab/Indian World Women in Arab and Muslim societies twice as likely as men to be illiterate Confined to household Most Indian women illiterate – 75% in 1980s – 57% in 2001 "Dowry deaths"

Movement and Migration

Migration Since 1960: – 13 million "guest workers" migrated to western Europe – 10 million migrants into United States – 130 million people currently live outside their countries of citizenship Push-pull factors – Lack of food – Natural disaster – Political oppression – War

Effects Migrants enrich societies in many ways, but also spark hostility and conflict Fears that migrants will undermine national identity, compete for jobs Anti-immigrant movements (xenophobia) lead to violence and racial tension

Future of Globalization Supporters global economy efficient, best path to global prosperity Increased standard of living throughout the world Critics widens gap between rich and poor destroys environment threatens local and traditional crafts and economies