FUNDAMENTALISM, ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF JIHĀD

INDEX What is fundamentalism? How did the term “fundamentalism” begin? What is Islamic fundamentalism? What is “Jihād”? What is offensive Jihād? What is defensive Jihād?

WHAT IS FUNDAMENTALISM? Fundamentalism is  the literal dogmatic interpretation of the sacred texts (or their equivalent, outside a religious context)  based on the fundamental precepts (typically religious, but not limited to) and  rejects any contrasting ideology.

ORIGINS OF FUNDAMENTALISM BIRTH  born in 1909 with North American Protestantism opposing the theories of theological liberalism.  key concepts: conservative closed and restricted view of society: exclusiveness, isolation, antagonism, defensiveness, aggressive towards not aligned ones ALSO  Fundamentalism: people belonging to the same ideology with a non radical behavior and attitude  moderate, open to compromise or would advocate a non-restrictive interpretation of religious truth. Fundamentalism originally referred to the Protestant world. The word was replaced in the '50s when the major members of the religious sect decided to officially change the name. COMMONLY It identify s the points of view - of thought and practice in the religious world – that insist on a literal interpretation of sacred texts such as the Bible or the Koran, and they whos how anti-modernist attitudes in their respective religions.

WHAT IS ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM?  The word "fundamentalism" can be traced to the noun used by the militants asāsiyyūn (from the Arabic asās: "basis, foundation") since the birth of the Shiites in the Islamic Republic of Iran  The definition of Islamic "fundamentalism" used by the media - is a tautology, because of the difficulty the Islamics have in accepting a way of life in which the mixture between religious and worldly aspects is not, by definition, "fundamental".  Muslims want to give an interpretation of the world based on a link between religious precepts and social order, the state, and ultimately the power, of dīn wa dunya,  "religion and the world.“  For a Muslim believer “disbelief" means to reserve the expression of personal faith in a private sphere of his own conscience, without influencing and shaping the outside world on it.

WHAT IS JIHĀD”?  Jihād is an Arabic word, (ǧihād in Arabic: جهاد ) which comes from the root meaning "exerting a maximum effort."  The word has a wide connotation : from the inner spiritual struggle to draw on a perfect faith up to the holy war.  It refers to Islams’ s fundamental institutions.  Nowadays it is used in many circles as if it had an exclusively military dimension.  In Koran, - the sacred text of Islam - the word is used in several Hadīth contexts in both the military and non- military level of meaning.

WHAT IS OFFENSIVE JIHĀD? Offensive Jihād   to wage a war of aggression and conquer all non- Muslims in order to submit them and their territories to Islamic rule.  According to many interpretations including the Encylopedia of the Orient, "offensive Jihād, in other words the attack, is fully accepted by Sunni Islam", BUT unlike defensive Jihād, individual Muslims are not forced to participate, while the Muslim community as a whole is.

WHAT IS DEFENSIVE JIHĀD?  It seems Koran demands the military defense of the Muslim community under siege.  Most Muslims consider the armed struggle against foreign occupation or oppression by an internal government worthy of defensive Jihād.  In the colonial era the Muslim population rose up against the colonial authorities under the Jihād flag: Dagestan, Chechnya, the Indian revolt against Great Britain (Indian Rebellion of 1857) and the Algerian war of independence against France.  In this sense, defensive Jihād is not different from the right of armed resistance against occupation, which is recognized by the UN and international law.

WEBLIOGRAPHY     contemporaneo_(XXI-Secolo)/ contemporaneo_(XXI-Secolo)/

CREDITS Group:  Ciulin Manuel  Ferrari Davide,  Ferrazzo Michael  Iacumin Jessica  Polonio Giulia