Khalifat rasul Allah (successor to the messenger of God) khalifa (successor, caliph) the rashidun (rightly-guided caliphs): 632-634 Abu Bakr 634-644 ‘Umar.

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Presentation transcript:

khalifat rasul Allah (successor to the messenger of God) khalifa (successor, caliph) the rashidun (rightly-guided caliphs): Abu Bakr ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib

Map Link: The Muslim Conquests: < muslimconquestsmap.gifmuslimconquestsmap.gif> Keep this handy!

636 Muslims defeat Byzantines at the Yarmuk River. Conquest of Syria follows 637 Muslims defeat Persians at Qadisiyya, take Ctesiphon. Gradual conquest of Persia follows 642 Muslims complete conquest of Egypt jizya (poll tax)

Caliphate of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib Caliphate of Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, first of the Umayyad dynasty (until 750) shi‘at ‘Ali (party of ‘Ali, Shi‘ites)

Muslim conquest of Spain, with aid of mountain Berbers Jabal Tariq = Gibraltar Last attempt to take Constantinople 732 Franks defeat Muslims at Tours

Caliphate of ‘Abd al-Malik standardising Qur’an qadis (judges) discouraging conversion use of Arabic

Sources of discontent: mawali (non-Arab converts) lifestyle of some caliphs lack of dissemination of knowledge

680 Death of al-Husayn, son of ‘Ali and Fatima, and grandson of Muhammad, at Battle of Karbala’

Sunnis (majority-form Muslims) Shi‘ites: Belief in imams (spiritual leaders) Hidden meaning of Qur’an

Caliphate of Marwan II (“the Ass”) c. 745 ‘Abbasids send Abu Muslim to Khurasan to foment revolt 747 Abu Muslim initiates rebellion ‘Abbasids defeat Umayyads in battle twice. Death of Marwan II and many other Umayyads. ‘Abd al-Rahman escapes west 762 ‘Abbasids build new capital at Baghdad

Dome of the Rock/Qubbat al-Sakhra (bt. 691) mi‘raj (night journey to heaven) hijra (emigration) ‘Abd al-Malik (r ) Ibn al-Zubayr (d. 692) Mt. Moriahhajj (greater pilgrimage)

Abu’l-Qasim ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam Egyptian historian, from family famous for historical and judicial knowledge Futuh Misr wa Akhbaruha - history of Muslim conquest of Egypt, N. Africa, Spain Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam (d. 871)

Al-Tabari ( ) Mukhtasar Ta’rikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk wa’l-Khulafa’