 great acceleration in rate of technological innovation, leading to an enormously increased output of goods & services  new sources of energy  a culture of innovation  widespread & almost obsessive belief that things could be endlessly improved  put W.Europe into position of global dominance  only nations that industrialized had chance to compete w/ W.Europe  spread unevenly & is a continuing process  “developed”, “developing”, “undeveloped” nations

 preceded by Scientific Revolution  numerous small, competitive states  governments supported merchant class  govts needed revenue they provided  encourage innovation & commerce  global contact w/culturally different people  bring back foreign goods as stimulus ▪ ex. Indian cotton cloth, Chinese porcelain  can draw on world’s natural resources

 unplanned & unexpected, c1750  factors of production were ideal  large labor force (unemployed farmers) ▪ farmlands “enclosed” & agricultural innovations  infrastructure: road & canal networks  geographic luck ▪ coal & iron ore, protection from conquest  stability  global empire provided natural resources  government pro-capitalist  limited monarchy

Britain Germany, France, Belgium USA

JAMES WATT’S STEAM ENGINE  constant innovation THE POWER LOOM STEAM LOCOMOTIVE THE STEAMBOAT

18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners tons200, 000 miners million tons500, 000 miners million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining Output & Laborers in Britain: British Pig Iron Production: British Cotton Textile Production: 1800: 52,000,000 lbs. cotton used 1850: 588,000,000 lbs cotton used

Length of Railroad Lines Open (in kilometers)

 The Aristocracy  owned most farmland & dominated politics  rivaled by industrialized businessmen  many became settlers or administrators in overseas colonies  The Middle Class  Self-made factory & mine owners, bankers, merchants  live aristocratic life  central value = respectability

 The Laboring Class  manual workers  impacted most by new urbanization ▪ majority of British population in cities ▪ overcrowded, unsanitary, periodic epidemics, tenement housing, inadequate water supply, few public services  factory system:  workers produce manufactured goods in one place using machines for regular wage  long hours, low wages, monotonous labor, dangerous  children & young women oftentimes used

 Luddites  movement for working man’s vote  women’s rights & suffrage movement  trade unions develop  socialist & utopian ideals form & spread  challenge capitalist society & social problems it developed  “Marxism”

 Communism (“Marxism”)  Karl Marx  The Communist Manifesto, 1848 ▪ history is the story of class struggle ▪ oppressor vs. oppressed ▪ bourgeoisie vs. proletariat ▪ Marx’s observations: ▪ under capitalism, the industrial workers are exploited by their bosses ▪ Goal of communism? ▪ Abolish capitalism & class system! ▪ How? ▪ Revolution of workers & redistribute wealth evenly ▪ No private property; all is shared in the workers’ paradise!