Descriptive Mineralogy

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Liz LaRosa 5th grade science 2010

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Presentation transcript:

Descriptive Mineralogy Native Elements: Pure elements that occur as minerals

Classification of the Minerals Non-Silicates Native Elements Halides Sulfides Oxides Hydroxides Carbonates Sulfates Phosphates Silicates Orthosilicates Sorosilicates Cyclosilicates Chain Silicates Layer Silicates Tektosilicates

Native Elements

Native Elements: Metals Fe, Co, Ni: Meteorites Platinum Group: (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt): Mafic Igneous Rocks Coinage metals: Cu, Ag, Au Cu, Ag: Supergene Enrichments (Sulfide Oxidation) Au: Low Temperature Hydrothermal, Placer

Native Iron: Meteorites

Native Iron: Meteorites Widmanstätten Pattern

Iron-Nickel Phase Diagram

Platinum Group Metals Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt Strongly siderophile elements Enriched in Fe meteorites Found in layered mafic intrusions Bushvelt Complex (South Africa) Stillwater Complex (Montana) Skaergaard Complex (Greenland)

Bushvelt: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

Bushvelt: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion

Native Elements: Cu, Ag, Au Cu and Ag: Supergene Enrichment Oxidation of Cu, Ag sulfides in unsaturated zone Precipitation of metal, oxides and carbonates at water table Ag and Au: hydrothermal Native metals and tellurides Au: placer oxidized hydrothermal

Supergene Copper

Hydrothermal Silver

Hydrothermal Gold

Hydrothermal Gold

Native Elements: non metals Carbon: Graphite: Metamorphic Rocks Diamond: Kimberlites Sulfur (+Se): Salt Domes (Sulfate reduction), Volcanos (H2S oxidation) Tellurium (Te) Telluride oxidation

Native Elements: Carbon Graphite (Low Pressure) Metamorphosed Organic-rich sediments Diamond (High Pressure >100km) Kimberlites Placers from kimberlites

Native Elements: Diamond

Native Elements: Diamond

Kimberley Mine 1875

Native Elements: Sulfur Fumaroles (Volcanic hydrothermal vents) Oxidation of H2S Salt dome cap rocks Sulfate reduction by petroleum

Fumarole Sulfur: Nysseros

In the caps of salt domes, gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) is reduced to native sulfur

Native Elements