Fig. 49.2, p. 876 energy input from sun nutrient cycling PHOTOAUTOTROPHS (plants, other producers) HETEROTROPHS (consumers, decomposers) energy output (mainly heat) Chapter 49

Producers Terms associated with Producers Autotroph: Obtain energy from inorganic sources. Phototrophs (collect energy from sunlight) Chemotrophs (collect energy from chemicals in their environment)

Consumers Terms associated with Consumers Heterotroph: Obtain energy from organic sources. Herbivores (feed off plants), Carnivores (feed off of other consumers), Omnivores (feed off both consumers and producers), Decomposers (digest food outside of body), Detrivores (internally ingest dead and decaying matter)

Trophic (energy) levels Primary Consumer: Feed of producers Secondary Consumer: Feed of 1 st level consumer. Tertiary Consumer: Feed off 2 nd level and below. Quaternary Consumer: Feed off 3 rd level and below.

leopard seal Adelie penguin fishes, squid skua petrel emperor penguin Weddell seal killer whale blue whale krill phytoplankton Label each organism above with appropriate trophic level.

Fig. 49.7, p. 879 Producers (photosynthesizers) ENERGY TRANSFERS: energy lost at each conversion step from one trophic level to the next ENERGY INPUT: herbivores carnivores decomposers detritivores energy in organic wastes, remains ENERGY OUTPUT energy losses as metabolic heat and as net export from ecosystem energy inputs, outputs also occur between the two food webs

10% Rule On average, only 10% of the energy obtained at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level. Where does this energy go?

Fig , p. 882 ENERGY INPUT: 17,000,000 kilocalories ENERGY TRANSFERS: incoming solar energy not harnessed: producers herbivores carnivores top carnivores decomposers, detritivores 1,679,190 (98.8%) 20,810 (98.8%) transferred to the next trophic level: Energy still in organic wastes and remains Energy losses as metabolic heat and as net export from the ecosystem: ENERGY OUPUT: TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY FLOW: 4,2453,36813, ,060 2, , ,679,190 1,700,000 (100%)

Biological Magnification Situation in which fat-soluble or indigestible chemicals accumulate in organisms. A concern for animals feeding at higher tropic levels. Urine is water-based, so doesn’t carry fat- soluble materials out of body. Case of DDT

Respiration How living organisms get energy from ‘burning’ food (usually involves oxygen) Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Useable Energy

Photosynthesis Process by which autotrophs convert solar energy into useful chemical energy (sugar). Carbon Dioxide + Water = Glucose + Oxygen Process of carbon fixation. (Fix as it making it useful for life)

Productivity Measure of how much glucose/food is made. How broad is the base of the energy pyramid? What factors make an environment more productive? a. b. c.

Productivity Gross Primary Productivity, which is the total amount of energy fixed in the process of photosynthesis for an ecosystem Net Primary Productivity is the total amount of energy fixed by photosynthesis minus the amount of energy used by autotrophs in respiration

Dissolved Oxygen Lab In a bottle filled with lake water, label processes going on (respiration, photosynthesis, both, or neither)… When bottle is in the dark- When the bottle is in the light-

What influences DO levels? Altitude: Temperature: Movement: Salinity: Plants: Animals/Decay: