Title Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 6 Image Slides

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. heat Mechanical energy Solar energy Chemical energy Fig. 6.1

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. solar energycarbohydrate synthesis sun H2OH2O CO 2 heat Page 100

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. carbohydrate muscle contraction heat Page 101

C 6 H 12 O 6 H2OH2O CO 2 energy a. more organized more potential energy less stable (less entropy) Glucose less organized less potential energy more stable (more entropy) Carbon dioxide and water Fig. 6.2a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

channel protein energy b. more organized more potential energy less stable (less entropy) less organized less potential energy more stable (more entropy) H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Unequal distribution of hydrogen ions Equal distribution of hydrogen ions Fig. 6.2b

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C 6 H 12 O 6 H2OH2O CO 2 channel protein energy a. b. more organized more potential energy less stable (less entropy) Glucose less organized less potential energy more stable (more entropy) Carbon dioxide and water more organized more potential energy less stable (less entropy) less organized less potential energy more stable (more entropy) H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Unequal distribution of hydrogen ions Equal distribution of hydrogen ions Fig. 6.2

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 6.3a a. adenosine triphosphate PP P adenosine diphosphatephosphate P PPP Energy from exergonic reactions (e.g., cellular respiration) Energy for endergonic reactions (e.g., protein synthesis, nerve impulse conduction, muscle cont r action) ADP ATP

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Page 103 ATP coupling P A + BC + D ADP +

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 6.4a PADP++ a. ATP breakdown is exergonic. ATP energy

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 6.4b b. Muscle contraction is endergonic and cannot occur without an input of energy.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 6.4c ADP +P c. Muscle contraction becomes exergonic and can occur when it is coupled to ATP breakdown. heat ATP muscle contraction

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 6.4 P ADP +P c. Muscle contraction becomes exergonic and can occur when it is coupled to ATP breakdown. ADP ++ heat a. ATP breakdown is exergonic. ATP energy ATP muscle contraction b. Muscle contraction is endergonic and cannot occur without an input of energy.

Fig. 6.5 Free Energy energy of product energy of activation (E a ) energy of activation (E a ) Progress of the Reaction energy of reactant enzyme not present enzyme present Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 6.6a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. products enzyme Degradation The substrate is broken down to smaller products. enzyme-substrate complex substrate active site

Fig. 6.6b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. product enzyme Synthesis The substrates are combined to produce a larger product. enzyme-substrate complex active site substrates

Fig. 6.6a-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. enzyme Degradation The substrate is broken down to smaller products. substrate active site

Fig. 6.6a-2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. enzyme Degradation The substrate is broken down to smaller products. enzyme-substrate complex substrate active site

Fig. 6.6b-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. enzyme Synthesis The substrates are combined to produce a larger product. active site substrates

Fig. 6.6b-2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. enzyme Synthesis The substrates are combined to produce a larger product. enzyme-substrate complex active site substrates

Fig. 6.6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. products enzyme product enzyme Degradation The substrate is broken down to smaller products. enzyme-substrate complex Synthesis The substrates are combined to produce a larger product. enzyme-substrate complex active site substratessubstrate active site

Fig. 6.7a a. active site Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 6.7b substrate b. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 6.7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. substrateactive site b.

Fig. 6.8a Rate of Reaction (product per unit of time) Temperature °C a. Rate of reaction as a function of temperature. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 6.9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. pH Rate of Reaction (product per unit of time) pepsintrypsin

Page 107 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. P kinase P inactive proteinactive protein

Fig. 6.10a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. E2E2 E3E3 E4E4 E5E5 AE E1E1 first reactant A site of enzyme where end product F can bind end product F a. Active pathway BCD

Fig. 6.10b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. E1E1 E1E1 end product F altered site of enzyme due to binding of F b. Inactive pathway Reactant A cannot bind, and no product results. end product F first reactant A

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. E2E2 E3E3 E4E4 E5E5 AE E1E1 E1E1 E1E1 first reactant A site of enzyme where end product F can bind end product F end product F altered site of enzyme due to binding of F a. Active pathway b. Inactive pathway Reactant A cannot bind, and no product results. end product F first reactant A BCD

Fig. 6.11b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. heat mitochondrionchloroplast O2O2 Photosynthesis Cellular respiration CO 2 + HO 2 ATP for synthetic reactions, active transport, muscle contraction, nerve impulse sun carbohydrate

Page 111 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. coupling P ATP C + DA + B ADP +

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Rate of Reaction (product per unit of time) Temperature °C Page 111

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. carbohydrate mitochondrion chloroplast O2O2 CO 2 + H 2 O Page 111 sun heat ATP heat

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. d.c. b. Page 112