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 Accepted DSM-V definition: 1. Behavioral, cognitive, and/or emotional dysfunctions 2. Unexpected in cultural context 3. Personal distress 4. Substantial impairment in function  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-V (DSM-V) outlines criteria for disorders based on prototypes/typical profiles 2

 Study of psychological disorders  description, causes (etiology), assessment, and treatment  Scientist-practitioner model  Staying current.  Objectively evaluating assessment and treatment efficacy.  Conducting scientific research.  ?v=mNoRxCRJ-Y0 ?v=mNoRxCRJ-Y0 3

 As understanding of abnormal behavior changes, so do treatment approaches.  Traditions of understanding psychopathology:  Supernatural  Biological  Psychological 4

 supernatural tradition: psychological problems have supernatural causes; mental illness is a battle between good and evil  exorcism: religious ritual performed to eliminate evil spirits  Modern examples?  Astrology  13vM&NR=1 13vM&NR=1  Barnum effect

 Hippocrates ( BC)  Father of modern Western medicine  Etiology = a combination of, brain pathology, head trauma, genetics, psychosocial factors, stress, and family factors  Galen ( AD)  Humoral theory of mental illness  Treatments = bloodletting and inducing vomit 6

 Syphilis  STD with psychosis-like symptoms (i.e., delusions and hallucinations)  Etiology = bacterial microorganism  The 1930’s  Insulin shock therapy  Brain surgery ILk 20,000 procedures by early 1950’s  Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT) Remains a treatment for depression 7

 The 1950’s ◦ Psychotropic medications  Increasingly available  Systematically developed ◦ Antipsychotic medication (Neuroleptics)  Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Reserpine and treatment of psychosis ◦ Anti-anxiety medication (Tranquilizers)  Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax) and treatment of anxiety  Cons of medications 8

 Bethlem Royal Hospital (a.k.a. Bedlam) opened in 1403 as a hospital for mentally ill in London  Became infamous for brutal treatment  18th century - people paid admission to see “lunatics”  Could bring a stick to poke patients

 Moral Therapy  “Moral” = emotional or psychological  Frequent observation and human contact  Encouraging social interaction  Individual attention  Pinel was originator Replaced bleeding and other treatments with moral therapy 10

 Id Pleasure principle Illogical, emotional, irrational  Ego Reality principle Logical and rational  Superego Moral principles “Conscience” 11

 Ego fights to stay on top of the Id and Superego  Loss of control = anxiety  Coping strategies include:  Displacement  Denial  Rationalization  Reaction formation  Projection  Repression  Sublimation 12

 free association: saying freely whatever comes to mind  catharsis: release of emotional material  transference: client transfers emotional feelings for his or her parents to the therapist  countertransference: therapist transfers feelings for significant others onto the client

 Theoretical constructs ◦ Intrinsic goodness ◦ Striving for self-actualization ◦ “Blocked” growth  Person-centered therapy ◦ Carl Rogers (1902–1987)  Hierarchy of Needs ◦ Abraham Maslow ◦ ( ) 14

 Therapeutic process ◦ Unconditional positive regard ◦ Empathy ◦ Non-directive, client- centered approach ◦ om/watch?v=RX_Y3zUP zEo&feature=related om/watch?v=RX_Y3zUP zEo&feature=related  Outcomes ◦ Efficacy data is limited ◦ Limitation: Severe psychopathology 15

 Classical Conditioning  Ivan Pavlov ( ) ◦ Ever-present form of learning of relationships(associations) in our environment ◦ Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)  Unconditioned response (UCR) ◦ Conditioned stimulus (CS)  Conditioned response (CR) 16

 Behaviorism--John B. Watson ( )  “Little Albert” experiment Concept of stimulus generalization.  Skinner ( )  Operant Conditioning: learning from consequences  Reinforcements and Punishments  Behavior “shaping” Reinforce “successive approximations” in order to train a complex behavior 17

 Mary Cover Jones ◦ Rabbit phobia extinguished by exposure and modeling  Joseph Wolpe ( ) ◦ Systematic desensitization ◦ Relaxation 18