Daily Warm up Only 25% of the world is left handed? What two things must happen for diffusion to occur? Define these three words: Isotonic solution, Hypotonic, Hypertonic. (where is there more water in each scenario) Does Diffusion need energy? Why or why not? What are the four things the cell membrane is made out of? True and False Only 25% of the world is left handed? Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels.

2/14/10 after the notes On the membrane structure worksheet you received FIRST color the following structures appropriately: The part that is Hydrophilic= BLUE The part that is Hydrophobic= RED The proteins= ORANGE Add some cholestrol and color that BROWN Add Carbohydrates = Yellow Then follow the directions to cut and create the cell membrane

2/15/11 Warm up If a cell has 15% solute outside the cell and 25% inside which direction does water move and what type of osmosis is it? If a cell has 15% solute outside the cell and 5% inside the cell which direction does water move and what type of osmosis is it? What is active transport? What is facilitated diffusion? T/F An average person releases 17oz of gas a day between burping and flatulents (farting)

2.16.11 Warm up Finish the Cell transport Worksheet if you have not done so. Make a list of a MINIMUM of 5 questions of things you are confused about, want more practice on or just want to review.

2.17.11 (Thurs) Warm up Take the first 8 minutes to study/review for your Test! IF IT IS LOUD- I assume you know it and we start the test!

Daily Warm up 1. Define Osmosis? 2. What happens to a cell that is hypotonic? What about hypertonic? 3. Does diffusion require energy? 4. What two things must happen in order for diffusion to occur? 5. What are the four things the cell membrane is made up of? 6. T/F The average adult has 5 Liters of blood in their body?

Grab your cups and re-measure and weigh both potatoes. AFTER The warm up: Grab your cups and re-measure and weigh both potatoes. Make one more row on the bottom of your data sheet and record your info. FINISH ALL the questions and observations in the lab- INCLUDING the graph. There is graph paper by the printer. Write a paragraph that must include: Summary of what you did. What were the conclusions? Did you prove your hypothesis or was it wrong? Why? Were there any problems in the lab that may have messed up your data? (Source of error) What could you have done differently to fix the problems and make the lab more smooth next time.

Movement through Cell Membranes- The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Movement through Cell Membranes- A Flexible membrane and the Gateway to the Cell G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Cell Membrane controls Homeostasis The Plasma Membrane Cell Membrane controls Homeostasis 4/24/2017 It balances the inside and outside of the cell. Homeostasis is maintained by plasma membrane controlling what enters & leaves the cell G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Structure of the Cell Membrane The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Structure of the Cell Membrane G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Membrane Components Phospholipids Cholesterol Proteins The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Phospholipids Cholesterol Proteins Carbohydrates (glucose) G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Carbohydrate chain Phospholipid bilayer Protein channel The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Carbohydrate chain Phospholipid bilayer Protein channel LABEL THE STRUCTURES cholesterol G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Phospholipids Make up the cell membrane The Plasma Membrane Phospholipids 4/24/2017 Make up the cell membrane Contains 2 fatty acid chains called the tails Contains one glycerol called the head. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Cell Membrane Heads are hydrophilic “water loving” The Plasma Membrane Cell Membrane 4/24/2017 Heads are hydrophilic “water loving” Tails are hydrophobic “water fearing” Makes membrane “Selective” in what crosses G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Cell Membrane Hydrophobic molecules pass easily; hydrophilic DO NOT The Plasma Membrane Cell Membrane 4/24/2017 The cell membrane is made of 2 layers of phospholipids called the lipid bilayer Hydrophobic molecules pass easily; hydrophilic DO NOT G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Semipermeable Membrane The Plasma Membrane Semipermeable Membrane 4/24/2017 Small molecules and larger hydrophobic molecules move through easily. e.g. O2, CO2, H2O G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Semipermeable Membrane The Plasma Membrane Semipermeable Membrane 4/24/2017 Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than water, and large molecules such as proteins do not move through the membrane on their own. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Types of Transport Across Cell Membranes The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Types of Transport Across Cell Membranes G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Simple Diffusion Requires NO energy The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Simple Diffusion Requires NO energy Molecules move from area of HIGH to LOW concentration G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Diffusion Two things need to happen in a cell in order for diffusion to occur… what are they? Cell membrane must be permeable to that substance. There must be a concentration gradient (needs to be higher in one area and move to lower area)

The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 DIFFUSION Diffusion is a PASSIVE process which means no energy is used to make the molecules move, they have a natural ENERGY G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

STOP POINT: Diffusion of Food Coloring Demonstration. EVERYONE Take out a piece of paper (# 1-3). Have someone at your table put in 4 drops of the food coloring I bring around. Answer these questions- without talking: What happened when the food coloring was added? What did the water look like before the color was added, while it was being added and once it was finished? How did the water end up turning red? (tell me what the molecules were doing).

Sugar Cube Diffusion Answer the three questions as you watch the sugar cube in the next cup of water. What happened when the sugar cube was added? What did the water look like before the sugar was added, while it was being added and once it was finished? Explain to me the process of diffusion and how this was an example?

Diffusion of Liquids The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Sugar Cube Diffusion

Diffusion through a Membrane The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to LOW) Cell membrane G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Osmosis Diffusion of water across a membrane Moves from HIGH water potential (low solute) to LOW water potential (high solute)

Diffusion of H2O Across A Membrane (Osmosis) The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 1. The left side concentration is what? High H2O potential Low solute concentration 2.The right side concentration is what? Low H2O potential High solute concentration So which way does water move? G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

3 Types of Osmosis: Isotonic Solutions: the solute and water concentration is the same inside the cell as it is outside the cell Hypertonic Solutions: Higher concentration outside the cell than inside the cell. Hypotonic Solutions: Higher concentration inside the cell than outside the cell.

Cell in Isotonic Solution The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 What is the direction of water movement? equilibrium The cell is in _______________. CELL 10% NaCL 90% H2O 10% NaCL 90% H2O ENVIRONMENT NO NET MOVEMENT G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Cell in Hypotonic Solution The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 What is the direction of water movement? Water moves into the cell CELL 10% NaCL 90% H2O 20% NaCL 80% H2O H2O G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Cell in Hypertonic Solution The Plasma Membrane Cell in Hypertonic Solution 4/24/2017 What is the direction of water movement? Water moves out of the cell. CELL 15% NaCL 85% H2O 5% NaCL 95% H2O ENVIRONMENT H2O G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Cells in Solutions The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

NO NET MOVEMENT OF H2O (equal amounts entering & leaving) The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Isotonic Solution Hypotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution NO NET MOVEMENT OF H2O (equal amounts entering & leaving) Water enters cell- can cause it to burst Water leaves cell until it “deflates” G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

What will happen? The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

How does this relate to Anatomy? Discuss at your table this question and appoint someone to share your answer: What would happen to your blood cells if the fluid surrounding them had too much salt?

Osmosis in Red Blood Cells The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Osmosis in Red Blood Cells Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

What Happens to Blood Cells?

isotonic hypotonic hypertonic hypertonic isotonic hypotonic The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 isotonic hypotonic hypertonic hypertonic isotonic hypotonic G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

STOP POINT: OSMOSIS ACTIVITY LAB At your lab tables you are working in groups of 2 or 3. Each lab table should be divided into 2 groups. WAIT FOR MY DIRECTIONS! Send one person from your group to the materials table to receive your materials. WAIT for FURTHER DIRECTIONS.

3 Types of Transport: Simple Diffusion (also includes osmosis) Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport

Passive Transport vs. Active Transport Passive means: it DOES NOT require energy. Active means: it DOES require energy. Which type(s) are passive? Which type(s) are active?

Three Forms of Transport Across the Membrane The Plasma Membrane Three Forms of Transport Across the Membrane 4/24/2017 G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Facilitated diffusion The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Passive Transport Facilitated diffusion Doesn’t require energy Uses transport proteins to move high to low concentration Examples: Glucose or amino acids moving from blood into a cell. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

2 Types of Transport Proteins The Plasma Membrane 2 Types of Transport Proteins 4/24/2017 In Facilitated Diffusion- the molecules are too big and need “help” or to be facilitated across. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Facilitated Diffusion The Plasma Membrane Facilitated Diffusion 4/24/2017 1. Channel proteins are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross copyright cmassengale G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Facilitated Diffusion The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Facilitated Diffusion 2.Carrier proteins can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other They bond and drag molecules through the lipid bilayer and release them on the opposite side. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Carrier Proteins Carrier proteins change shape to move materials across the cell membrane G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Active Transport Requires energy or ATP The Plasma Membrane Active Transport 4/24/2017 Requires energy or ATP Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentration AGAINST concentration gradient G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Active transport The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Examples: Any Ions: Pumping Na+ (sodium ions) out and K+ (potassium ions) in. This happens in your Nervous System! G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

The Plasma Membrane Moving the “Big Stuff” 4/24/2017 Large molecules move materials into the cell by one of TWO forms of ENDOCYTOSIS. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Pinocytosis Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle. The Plasma Membrane Pinocytosis 4/24/2017 Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle. Sometimes called “Cell Drinking” G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Pinocytosis Called cell drinking because once in the cell materials dissolve in water to be used by the cell G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Endocytosis – Phagocytosis The Plasma Membrane Endocytosis – Phagocytosis 4/24/2017 Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles Called “Cell Eating” G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Phagocytosis - Capture of a Yeast Cell (yellow) by Membrane Extensions of an Immune System Cell (blue) G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Moving the “Big Stuff” Exocytosis The Plasma Membrane Moving the “Big Stuff” 4/24/2017 Molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. This is how many hormones are secreted and how nerve cells communicate with one another. Exocytosis G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

The Plasma Membrane Exocytosis 4/24/2017 Exocytic vesicle immediately after fusion with plasma membrane. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

The Plasma Membrane 4/24/2017 Exocytosis The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large molecules that are manufactured in the cell are released through the cell membrane. Inside Cell Cell environment G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

The Plasma Membrane REVIEW QUESTIONS 4/24/2017 How does osmosis or Diffusion play a role in the human body? What is the main difference between Passive transport and Active transport? What is endocytosis and exocytosis? What happens if a red blood cell is in a hypertonic solution? Hypotonic? Isotonic? G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010