UNIT 7 The Age of Discovery

Why were the discoveries made? 1. They needed new trade routes to the East (1453 the Turks conquered Constantinople) 2. Technical advances improved navigation 1.New maps: portulan charts 2.Navigational instruments: compass, astrolabe and quadrant were developed 3.Ships were improved: caravels and so they could travel longer distances.

The caravel It had existed for hundreds of years but was modified. It had existed for hundreds of years but was modified. It had square sails for speed and triangular sails for manoueuvre. It had square sails for speed and triangular sails for manoueuvre. It had three masts It had three masts Less than 30 men formed the crew Less than 30 men formed the crew There were no oarsmen, so there was more space for cargo -> long voyages were possible There were no oarsmen, so there was more space for cargo -> long voyages were possible The ships carried cannons to defend themselves from pirates and enemy ships. The ships carried cannons to defend themselves from pirates and enemy ships.

oars·man oars·man ˈɔ rz mən, ˈ o ʊ rz-/ ˈɔ rz mən, ˈ o ʊ rz-/ –noun, plural -men. –noun, plural -men. a person who rows a boat, especially a racing boat; rower. a person who rows a boat, especially a racing boat; rower.who

What were the new sea routes? Portuguese expeditions Portuguese expeditions –15th century, Portugal had been looking for a new sea route to the India around the coast of Africa. Henry the Navigator organised various expeditions. –The Madeira Islands were discovered in 1418, The Azores in 1431 –1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa –1498 Vasco de Gama reached India Portugal created a great empire and became a world power.

Spanish and Portuguese rivalry The crown of Castile was Portugal’s biggest rival in the search of new routes to India. Castilians decided to sail west across the Altantic circumnavigating the Earth.

Christopher Columbus lumbus.htm lumbus.htm lumbus.htm Genoese sailor ( ) Genoese sailor ( ) He thought the world was round He thought the world was round The Catholic Monarchs decided to finance the expedition The Catholic Monarchs decided to finance the expedition On 3 August 1492 the Pinta, the Niña and the Santa María, left the Port of Palos de la Frontera (Huelva) On 3 August 1492 the Pinta, the Niña and the Santa María, left the Port of Palos de la Frontera (Huelva)

The voyage His calculations were wrong, he thought the earth was smaller His calculations were wrong, he thought the earth was smaller The crew complained The crew complained They saw land on 12 October 1492, they thought they had reached Capango (Japan) but they had reached a new country later called “America” (1502 by Americo Vespucci, Italian sailor) They saw land on 12 October 1492, they thought they had reached Capango (Japan) but they had reached a new country later called “America” (1502 by Americo Vespucci, Italian sailor) Juan de la Cosa 1500 draw the first map on which America appears > Juan de la Cosa 1500 draw the first map on which America appears >

Great Antilles (Las Antillas)

Columbus’ expeditions He did four expeditions He did four expeditions On the second voyage, a faster route was found. On the second voyage, a faster route was found. On the second and third voyage, Columbus explored the coast of Central and South America. On the second and third voyage, Columbus explored the coast of Central and South America. In 1504 he returned to Spain. In 1504 he returned to Spain. He died in 1506 convinced that he had reached India. He died in 1506 convinced that he had reached India.

Magellan’s expedition In 1519, 5 boats and 250 sailors left Seville, captained by Ferdinand Magellan. In 1519, 5 boats and 250 sailors left Seville, captained by Ferdinand Magellan. Juan Sebastián Elcano was his second-in-command. Juan Sebastián Elcano was his second-in-command. Their goal was to find a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to the Moluccas or Spice Islands in Asia. Their goal was to find a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to the Moluccas or Spice Islands in Asia. 1520, they found a strait connecting both oceans, later called the “Strait of Magellan” 1520, they found a strait connecting both oceans, later called the “Strait of Magellan” They sailed to the Philippines where Magellan was killed in a fight with the natives and Elcano took command. They sailed to the Philippines where Magellan was killed in a fight with the natives and Elcano took command.

Juan Sebastián Elcano The expeditions headed for the Moluccas, where they loaded up valuable spices and then set sail for Spain. The expeditions headed for the Moluccas, where they loaded up valuable spices and then set sail for Spain. In 1522, 18 men and one ship “Victoria” returned. In 1522, 18 men and one ship “Victoria” returned. They were the first to circumnavigate the World and prove that the Earth was round. They were the first to circumnavigate the World and prove that the Earth was round.

Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands) are an archipelago that is part of Indonesia archipelagoIndonesiaarchipelagoIndonesia

Consequences of the discoveries Portugal and Spain created great overseas empires. Portugal and Spain created great overseas empires. Unexplored regions were divided between Spain and Portugal to prevent problems: Treaty of Tordesillas, Unexplored regions were divided between Spain and Portugal to prevent problems: Treaty of Tordesillas, –Portugal recieved territories east of the line: Africa, Asia and Brazil. –Castile recived territories west of the line: most of the territories in the Americas.

European supremacy Countries wanted to expand their territory and benefit from trade to exploit the resources of these continents. Countries wanted to expand their territory and benefit from trade to exploit the resources of these continents. This rivalry between European continents lasted for five centuries. This rivalry between European continents lasted for five centuries.

Progress in science Developements in geography and Cartography: knowledge of the land and oceans became more accurate. Developements in geography and Cartography: knowledge of the land and oceans became more accurate. Developements in Sciences: many new plant and animal species were discovered (potato, tomato, tobacco,…) Developements in Sciences: many new plant and animal species were discovered (potato, tomato, tobacco,…)

Potato The potato originated in the region of southern Peru. Potatoes were first domesticated in Peru between 3000 BC and 2000 BC. In the Altiplano, potatoes provided the principal energy source for the Inca Empire.

Tomato The word tomato comes from the Nahuatl word tomatl, literally "the swelling fruit“ (aztecs) Nahuatl

Cacao The cacao tree is native to the Americas. It may have originated in the foothills of the Andes in the Amazon and Orinoco basins of South America. It was first cultivated by the Olmecs at least 1500 BC in Central America. The cacao tree is native to the Americas. It may have originated in the foothills of the Andes in the Amazon and Orinoco basins of South America. It was first cultivated by the Olmecs at least 1500 BC in Central America.AndesAmazonOrinocoSouth AmericaOlmecsAndesAmazonOrinocoSouth AmericaOlmecs The cocoa bean was a common currency throughout Mesoamerica before the Spanish conquest. The cocoa bean was a common currency throughout Mesoamerica before the Spanish conquest. Cocoa was an important commodity in preColumbian Mesoamerica. Moctezuma II, emperor of the Aztecs, had no other beverage than chocolate, served in a golden goblet. Flavored with vanilla or other spices, his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth. Cocoa was an important commodity in preColumbian Mesoamerica. Moctezuma II, emperor of the Aztecs, had no other beverage than chocolate, served in a golden goblet. Flavored with vanilla or other spices, his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth.preColumbianMesoamerica Moctezuma IIAztecschocolategoldenvanillaspicespreColumbianMesoamerica Moctezuma IIAztecschocolategoldenvanillaspices Chocolate was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards, and became a popular beverage by the mid 17th century. Chocolate was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards, and became a popular beverage by the mid 17th century.EuropeSpaniardsEuropeSpaniards

Consequences of the discoveries Contact between different peoples Contact between different peoples Diseases introduced by the Europeans caused a dramatic decline in the indigenous population of America (Epidemics of smallpox (1518,1521,1525,1558,1589), typhus (1546), influenza (1558), diphtheria (1614) and measles (1618) killed between 10 million and 20 million people, up to 95% of the indigenous population of the Americas Diseases introduced by the Europeans caused a dramatic decline in the indigenous population of America (Epidemics of smallpox (1518,1521,1525,1558,1589), typhus (1546), influenza (1558), diphtheria (1614) and measles (1618) killed between 10 million and 20 million people, up to 95% of the indigenous population of the Americassmallpoxtyphusinfluenzadiphtheriameaslesindigenous populationsmallpoxtyphusinfluenzadiphtheriameaslesindigenous population

QUIZZ  Who reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1488?  Who arrived in a new country thinking that he had reached Capango?  Who reached India going east in 1498?  What is the name of the cartographer that first included America in 1500?  Who gave name to the new country in 1502?  Who circumnavigated the earth between ?

Quiz  Who was the Aztec emperor when the Spanish arrived?  Who conquered the Aztec empire?  Who was the Inca emperor when the Spanish arrived?  Who conquered the Inca empire?

Match the cities with the Pre-Columbian civilizations: CitiesCivilizations Chichen ItzaAztec empire Machu Pichu CuzcoInca empire Quito TenochtitlanMaya civilization Total score ______ / 13

ANSWER KEY  Who reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1488? Bartolomeu Dias Bartolomeu Dias  Who arrived in a new country thinking that he had reached Capango? Christopher Columbus  Who reached India going east in 1498? Vasco de Gama

Answer key  What is the name of the cartographer that first included America in 1500? Juan de la Cosa  Who gave name to the new country in 1502? Americo Vespucci (1502) Americo Vespucci (1502)  Who circumnavigated the earth between ? Magellan - Juan Sebastián Elcano

ANSWER KEY  Who was the Aztec emperor when the Spanish arrived? Moctezuma II  Who conquered the Aztec empire? Hernán Cortés  Who was the Inca emperor when the Spanish arrived? Atahualpa  Who conquered the Inca empire? Francisco Pizarro

Match the cities with the Pre-Columbian civilizations: CitiesCivilizations TenochtitlánAztec empire Chichen ItzaMaya civilization Machu PichuInca empire CuzcoInca empire QuitoInca empire Total score ______ / 13

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