REMINDER: THIS EVENING: APPLIED LINGUISTICS Departmental Seminar: Trevor Grimshaw (on 'The East Asian Learner') 4:00-6:00, in room 4.722

EL001 Pre-Pathway Module 2010 Grammar and Vocabulary Development Session 9 Noun phrases

NOUN PHRASES IN ACADEMIC TEXT : AN EXAMPLE FROM COMPUTER SCIENCE

the second of two graduate classes with the same title and content the volume of on-line messages per person, in the four weeks sampled weeks 1-2 / weeks 5-6 the total number of messages per person the first class / the second / each class a different computer-mediated communication (CMC) system different guidelines this paper differences in volume a relationship between system characteristics, guidelines for use, and the perpetuation of verbal interaction in settings where CMC is mandated

the growing trend toward geographical dispersion in today’s global society an explosion [in] the use of both the Internet and internal networks to facilitate computer-mediated discussion among participants in separate locations computer-mediated conference systems and other groupware their potential to augment group cohesion and effectiveness both teachers and managers computer-mediated communication the conditions that encourage productive interchanges such as occur when people regularly, over time, meet physically and converse in a classroom or at a conference table.

1. Adjectives of classification 2. Evaluative adjectives 3. Co-ordinated pre-modifiers 4. Hyphenated compound adjectives 5. Adverbs to pre-modify adjectives 6. Embedded prepositional phrases 7. Apposition (using a noun phrase to provide extra information about another noun phrase) 8. Relative clauses

1. Adjectives of classificationchemical, Asian, metallic, conical, prehistoric 2. Evaluative adjectives 3. Co-ordinated pre-modifiers 4. Hyphenated compound adjectives 5. Adverbs to pre-modify adjectives 6. Embedded prepositional phrases 7. Apposition (using a noun phrase to provide extra information about another noun phrase) 8. Relative clauses

1. Adjectives of classificationchemical, Asian, metallic, conical, prehistoric 2. Evaluative adjectives interesting, ground-breaking, misguided, excellent 3. Co-ordinated pre-modifiers 4. Hyphenated compound adjectives 5. Adverbs to pre-modify adjectives 6. Embedded prepositional phrases 7. Apposition (using a noun phrase to provide extra information about another noun phrase) 8. Relative clauses

1. Adjectives of classificationchemical, Asian, metallic, conical, prehistoric 2. Evaluative adjectives interesting, ground-breaking, misguided, excellent 3. Co-ordinated pre-modifiers normal and oblique incidence, social or economic participation 4. Hyphenated compound adjectives 5. Adverbs to pre-modify adjectives 6. Embedded prepositional phrases 7. Apposition (using a noun phrase to provide extra information about another noun phrase) 8. Relative clauses

1. Adjectives of classificationchemical, Asian, metallic, conical, prehistoric 2. Evaluative adjectives interesting, ground-breaking, misguided, excellent 3. Co-ordinated pre-modifiers normal and oblique incidence, social or economic participation 4. Hyphenated compound adjectives a disc-like appearance, spiral-shaped arms, policy-relevant implications 5. Adverbs to pre-modify adjectives 6. Embedded prepositional phrases 7. Apposition (using a noun phrase to provide extra information about another noun phrase) 8. Relative clauses

1. Adjectives of classificationchemical, Asian, metallic, conical, prehistoric 2. Evaluative adjectives interesting, ground-breaking, misguided, excellent 3. Co-ordinated pre-modifiers normal and oblique incidence, social or economic participation 4. Hyphenated compound adjectives a disc-like appearance, spiral-shaped arms, policy-relevant implications 5. Adverbs to pre-modify adjectives potentially irreversible losses, socially anxious individuals 6. Embedded prepositional phrases 7. Apposition (using a noun phrase to provide extra information about another noun phrase) 8. Relative clauses

1. Adjectives of classificationchemical, Asian, metallic, conical, prehistoric 2. Evaluative adjectives interesting, ground-breaking, misguided, excellent 3. Co-ordinated pre-modifiers normal and oblique incidence, social or economic participation 4. Hyphenated compound adjectives a disc-like appearance, spiral-shaped arms, policy-relevant implications 5. Adverbs to pre-modify adjectives potentially irreversible losses, socially anxious individuals 6. Embedded prepositional phrases an explosion [in] the use of both the Internet and internal networks to facilitate computer- mediated discussion among participants in separate locations 7. Apposition (using a noun phrase to provide extra information about another noun phrase) 8. Relative clauses

1. Adjectives of classificationchemical, Asian, metallic, conical, prehistoric 2. Evaluative adjectives interesting, ground-breaking, misguided, excellent 3. Co-ordinated pre-modifiers normal and oblique incidence, social or economic participation 4. Hyphenated compound adjectives a disc-like appearance, spiral-shaped arms, policy-relevant implications 5. Adverbs to pre-modify adjectives potentially irreversible losses, socially anxious individuals 6. Embedded prepositional phrases an explosion [in] the use of both the Internet and internal networks to facilitate computer- mediated discussion among participants in separate locations 7. Apposition (using a noun phrase to provide extra information about another noun phrase) Antarctica, the most sparsely-populated continent in the world, 8. Relative clauses

1. Adjectives of classificationchemical, Asian, metallic, conical, prehistoric 2. Evaluative adjectives interesting, ground-breaking, misguided, excellent 3. Co-ordinated pre-modifiers normal and oblique incidence, social or economic participation 4. Hyphenated compound adjectives a disc-like appearance, spiral-shaped arms, policy-relevant implications 5. Adverbs to pre-modify adjectives potentially irreversible losses, socially anxious individuals 6. Embedded prepositional phrases an explosion [in] the use of both the Internet and internal networks to facilitate computer- mediated discussion among participants in separate locations 7. Apposition (using a noun phrase to provide extra information about another noun phrase) Antarctica, the most sparsely-populated continent in the world, 8. Relative clausesa word that first slipped into its current usage during the 1960s

Business and finance Business.view A Good African tale An African entrepreneur struggles for recognition in rich-country markets May 11th 2010 | From The Economist online

“IT USED to be a badge of pride that we were the only African coffee brand in British supermarkets. Now I see it as shameful,” says Andrew Rugasira, the founder of Good African. He is bemoaning the fact that other African firms—in coffee and many other lines of business—have struggled to follow the trail blazed by Good African since it was founded in 2003.Good African

Read the next paragraph in its painfully simplified form: Mr Rugasira created the firm with a goal. The goal was to create a brand for his coffee. He wanted the brand to be African. He wanted the brand’s African-ness to be distinct. Mr Rugasira wanted to do this by carrying out some of the parts of the supply chain The parts of the supply chain which add value. He can roast and pack the coffee. These parts of the chain add value. He can do these things in Africa. This is better than shipping coffee abroad – raw and in berry form for processing. Jamaica has done this with its coffee called Blue Mountain. In 2005, Mr Rugasire persuaded Waitrose to stock his coffee. Waitrose is a British supermarket chain Waitrose I upmarket Mr Rugasira has won round the rivals of Waitrose. Last month Sainsbury’s placed an order. It is the latest rival of Waitrose to do so. Coffee will soon be available in America, too. This coffee will be good. This coffee will be African. However, initially this coffee will only be avaialble online, not in shops. The firm also has plans. The plans are ambitious. The firm plans to to start marketing tea and chocolate. The tea and chocolate are good. The tea and chocolate are African.

Last month Sainsbury’s placed an order. It is the latest rival of Waitrose to do so. Coffee will soon be available in America, too. This coffee will be good. This coffee will be African. However, initially this coffee will only be avaialble online, not in shops. The firm also has plans. The plans are ambitious. The firm plans to to start marketing tea and chocolate. The tea and chocolate are good. The tea and chocolate are African.

Now can you complete this more sophisticated version of the paragraph: Mr Rugasira created the firm with the goal _______________________ _________________________________________________________, by carrying out some of the ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________, such as __________________________________________________, in Africa, instead of just shipping _______________________________ abroad to be processed—rather like Jamaica has done with its Blue Mountain coffee. Since persuading Waitrose, _____________________ _________________________________________, to stock his coffee in 2005, Mr Rugasira has won round its rivals. Last month __________ ______________ became the latest to place an order _____________ __________________ will soon be available in America, too, though initially only online, not in shops. The firm also has ________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________.

Mr Rugasira created the firm with the goal of creating a distinctly African coffee brand, by carrying out some of the value-added parts of the supply chain, such as roasting and packaging, in Africa, instead of just shipping raw coffee berries abroad to be processed—rather like Jamaica has done with its Blue Mountain coffee. Since persuading Waitrose, an upmarket British supermarket chain, to stock his coffee in 2005, Mr Rugasira has won round its rivals. Last month Sainsbury’s became the latest to place an order. Good African coffee will soon be available in America, too, though initially only online, not in shops. The firm also has ambitious plans to start marketing Good African tea and Good African chocolate.

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

1.An actor who people know well is a ____________________ actor. 2.Literature from the twentieth century is ____________________ literature. 3.An English teacher who is twenty nine years old is a ____________________ English teacher. 4.A story that breaks your heart is a ____________________ story. 5.A country where people speak English is an ____________________ country. 6.A man who has had his heart broken is a ______________________ man. 7.A cake that was made at home is a ____________________ cake. 8.Effects that reach far are ____________________ effects. 9.A fraction that is “heavier” at the top is a ____________________ fraction. well-known twentieth-century twenty-nine-year-old heart-breaking English-speaking heart-broken / broken-hearted home-made far-reaching top-heavy

10.An approach that looks down from the top is a ____________________ approach. 11.Walls that are as thin as paper are ____________________ walls. 12.Patterns that are like stars are ____________________ patterns. 13.Milk that is free of fat is ____________________ milk. 14.Software that is friendly to users is ____________________ software. 15.A victory that is bitter and sweet is a ____________________ victory. 16.A bag that is light green is a ____________________ bag. 17.A footballer who uses his left foot is a ____________________ player. 18.A boy with blue eyes is a ____________________ boy. top-down paper-thin star-like fat-free user-friendly bitter-sweet light-green* left-footed blue-eyed** *Consider how the meaning would be different without the hyphen (“a light green bag”) **If these last two examples seem strange to you, how much stranger would it be if we said “brown hairy girl” instead of “brown-haired girl”?

From Carter, R. and McCarthy, M. (2006) Cambridge Grammar of English, Cambridge University Press, p.481 -most compound adjectives end in an adjective (including participle adjectives) They can be divided into the following categories: Object + participle: English-speaking, confidence-boosting, heart-broken, heart- breaking Verb complement + participle : far-reaching, home-made, Subject + predicative complement: top-heavy Comparative : paper-thin Adjective + complement: fat-free, user-friendly Adjective + adjective head: bitter-sweet, light-green (compare light green bag with light-green bag) Some adjective compounds formed by adding an –ed inflection to an existing adjective : right-angled, left-handed