European Religious Wars Mr. Simmons World History

French Religious Wars ► By 1560 Calvinism and Catholicism had become militant. ► ( ) French Religious Wars ► Huguenots were protestants influenced by Calvinism. ► Monarchy was strongly Catholic, called the ultra-Catholics

French Religious Wars ► Civil War reigned for thirty years until 1589, and Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot, captured the throne. ► Henry converted to Catholicism to gain Catholic support ► He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which made Catholicism as France’s official religion.

Militant Catholicism ► King Phillip of Spain, was supporter of militant Catholicism ► Insisted on strict adherence to Catholicism and the monarchy ► Phillip became a champion of Catholicism, he defeated the Turks and controlled the Netherlands. ► Spain was the world’s most populous empire in 1598, but Phillip had bankrupt the country by spending too much on war.

England under Elizabeth ► Elizabeth attained the throne in 1558 ► During her reign England became a Protestant leader and laid ground for becoming a world power. ► Act of Supremacy gave her supreme control over church and state ► Elizabeth’s foreign policy wa to maintain a balance of power between France and Spain. She did this by supporting one and then the other.

England under Elizabeth ► Elizabeth could not escape war with Spain ► In 1588, Spain sent the Armada (fleet of warships) to invade England. ► Spain did not have the man power or the ships to be victorious. ► England won the battle and the weather took the rest of the ships.

Discussion Questions ► How did religion play a role in the separation of power in Europe? ► On page 433, Queen Elizabeth gave a speech to her people what was the main point of the speech?

Economic and Social Crisis ► Inflation – rising prices – occurred when there was an influx of gold from the Americas and a shortage of land and food as the population grew. ► Economic slowdown hit as less imports came in from the Americas ► Population began to decline due to war, disease, and famine causing social tension

Witchcraft ► A witchcraft, or magic, hysteria had taken over Europe ► More than 100,000 people were accused of being witches ► Mostly single women were accused and were tortured until they confessed. ► By 1650, the hysteria had stopped and governments became stronger by stopping witch trials.

The Thirty Years’ War ► Last of the Religious wars ► All major European countries were involved except for England ► Struggle b/t France and Spain for European leadership ► Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648 and France emerged as dominant empire

The Thirty Years’ War ► Ended the Holy Roman Empire ► Most destructive war to date ► New weapons – flintlock musket fitted with a bayonet ► Led to governments supporting (more disciplined) standing armies ► By 1700 the French had a standing army of 400,000

English Revolutions ► English Revolution was a battle between parliament and the king to see who would have controlling power. ► James I believed in the “divine right of kings” parliament wanted this power too. ► Puritans disagreed with the Anglican Church and wanted it to be more Protestant ► Civil War broke out during the reign of Charles the I in 1642

English Revolutions ► Cavaliers (supporters of king) fought Roundheads (supporters of parliament) ► Oliver Cromwell, military genius of New Model Army, defeated the Cavaliers ► Charles was executed in 1649 ► Parliament abolished the monarchy and declared a commonwealth. ► After Cromwell's death parliament would reinstate the monarchy but keep much of the power.

English Revolutions ► A Catholic James the II would gain the throne in Religious conflict again brewed. ► William and Mary invaded England in what is called the Glorious Revolution. ► Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which set up laws and lain ground for constitutional monarchy ► Toleration Act of 1689 gave Puritans the right to worship and ended the divine right theory of kingship in England.

Discussion Questions 1. What causes inflation? 2. Did gender play a role in witch trials? 3. Today where is there still intense conflict b/t Protestants and Catholics? 4. Why was the Execution of Charles so horrifying in 1649?