Announcements Donations for our adopted family DUE by Dec 17 th ! Hw: Chapter 8 Worksheets (Due tomorrow) & bring one STANDARD sized NOTE CARD Chapter 8 Quiz tomorrow! Apache Life Tuesday: the Rollercade

Chapter 8 Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe

When Charlemagne’s Reign Ended Papal power between the East and West Collapsed The papacy = a strategic office to hold

PART I The Carolingian World Collapses

Treaty of Verdun (843 AD) Divided the empire: East, West, and Middle

Papal Office Corruption (9 th c. ) Result of domestic hardships More corruption among popes than in any point in time of history

Popes of the 9 th c. Lacked Leadership skills Corrupt Abused their power Didn’t resist the Emperor of Rome

Example of Abuse: Pope Stephen IV exhumed body of Pope Formosus Placed Pope Formosus on trial

Pope Formosus Was found guilty Three fingers were removed Body was thrown to the mob

Why was a DEAD pope placed on trial? Not worthy to be pope Had sided with a king against Pope John

Simony The selling of spiritual benefits and ecclesiastical positions for temporal gain

Pope John XII Pope at 18 Crowned Otto I Practiced simony Gave bishop positions as favors to wealthy families

The Rise of Feudalism Empire broken into 50 duchies Concern: How should the land be protected?

Feudalism The holding of a land for a fee and on the resulting relations between a lord and vassal

Nepotism The Appointment of family members to important positions Increased with rise of Feudalism

Feudalism and the Church Bishops: enjoyed more wealth allowed to marry allowed to have children gave own sons the title they held

The Viking Invasions Prevented monastic reform Unstoppable because of civil unrest in territories Destroyed monasteries

The Viking Invasions Weakened monasteries’ civilizing influence Learning was forgotten Abbots became brigands (bandits)

PART III The New Temporal Orders

Otto I ( ) Desired an alliance with the Church to secure own royal power

Ottonian Line’s Influence Lay Investiture Power over proprietary churches Gave ecclesiastical funds to royal coffers

Lay Investiture The appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals.

Otto II ( ) Appointed tutor (Gerbert) to be pope (Pope Sylvester II)

Pope Sylvester II & Otto II Relationship was foundation for the Lay Investiture controversy

PART IV The Lay Investitures Controversy

Pope St. Gregory the Great VII Became pope b/c of enthusiastic crowds Relentless Energetic Iron Will “Father of Canon Law” Dictatus Pape

Dictatus Papae Specific powers rest on pope alone: Convene/ratify council Define tenets of the Faith Appoint, transfer, and remove bishops from office Dispose of temporal rulers

Pope St. Gregory the Great VII Excluded simony from Church Hierarchy Priests who practiced fornication barred from serving Mass Anyone who did not follow new rules were shunned by Clergy

Emperor Henry IV Appointed the Bishop of Milan Stripped of Crown (by pope) Excommunicated Granted forgiveness Appointed an anti-pope

Concordat of Worms Spiritual Investiture = Church Civil Investiture = Civil Free election of Bishops Simony condemned Veto power over Church elections= King

Constitutions of Clarendon King controls abbeys, Episcopal sees, Church money, elections Any appeals to Rome have to be approved by the King

Pope Innocent III Church reached height of power “Vicar of Christ” Power gives power to Kings Interfered to keep balance of power

A VIKING INVASION “ From the Fury of the Northmen Deliver Us, O Lord.”

Round Towers Door placed one floor up Monks hid in them for safety Series of ladders inside kept Vikings away

Irish Round Towers

Round Towers: Other Theories Erosion To absorb energy Bell towers To support the structure

High Crosses Unmovable Practical Illustrated Bible stories Gravestone

High Crosses

PART II Cluny and the Monastic Reform

Among the Chaos … Reform arose in Cluny: Universal Church within a political framework Dignity of the human person

Founding of Reform (909/910) Land donated by William the Pious Donated for monastery to be built

New Monastery in Cluny New Commitment to the Benedictine Rule Had only one Abbot St. Berno was the first Abbot

St. Berno Settled Cluny with 12 companions Renewed commitment to Benedictine rule Placed all energies into glorifying God

Cluny Had only one Abbot Benedictine Rule Decreased manual labor Other Monasteries Had one abbot above each individual monastery Increased manual labor (feudalism)

Cluny Monks Strict rule Emphasized spiritual life Reinstated Divine Office Benedictine Monks Relaxed rule Emphasized working life No Divine Office

PART V The Cistercians and Carthusians

The Cistercians White Monks St. Robert of Molesme Emphasized farming and simplicity of lifestyle Converted Slavic tribes

The Cistercians

St. Bernard of Clairvaux Second founder of Cistercians Had a classical education Focused on the Scriptures and the Fathers of the Church Debated Peter Abelard “Age of St. Bernard” Rejected promotions Divine life communicated to the world in the person Jesus Christ

The Carthusians St. Bruno Did not live together (had own private cells) Bring life of desert hermit into context of monastery Revived Christian devotion to prayer and simplicity

The Carthusians