Higher Population An Introduction to Higher Population

Introduction In October 2011 the worlds population was calculated at 7 billion. This population is set to increase and will reach 8 billion around the year This population is not evenly spread throughout the world; some areas are sparsely populated while others are densely populated. Estimates suggest that around 75 % of the world’s population live in developing countries which marks a northern/southern hemisphere divide.

Demographic Statistics Birth Rate Death Rate Natural Increase Life Expectancy (Infant Mortality)

Lessons 1. Distribution and Density 2. Collecting Population Data 3. World Population Change 4. Demographic Transition Model 5. Population Structure 6. Population Problems 7. Policy 8. Migration

Distribution and Density LO – To be able to describe and explain world population patterns.

New Wider World (pg 4 and 5)

Densely PopulatedExamplesSparsely PopulatedExamples ReliefFlat plains and low lying areasHigh, rugged mountainsAndes Broad river valleysWorn down shield lands Foothills of volcanoes-- ClimateEvenly distributed rainfall with no temp extremes Limited annual rainfall Areas with (i) high sunshine totals (ii) heavy snowfall totals Spanish Costas/ Swiss Alpine Valleys Areas with (i)low annual temperatures (ii) high humidity Seasonal monsoon rainfallUnreliable seasonal rainfallSahel VegetationGrasslands – easy to farmForest SoilDeep fertile silt left by riversNile valley and deltaThin soils in mountainous areas Volcanic soilsEtnaSoils (i) lacking humus or (ii) affected by leaching ResourcesMinerals eg; coal, iron oreLacking minerals Energy supplies eg; HEPLacking energy supplies Water SupplyReliable suppliesUnrealisable suppliesAfghanistan Natural Routes Gaps through mountainsMountain barrierHimalayas

Densely PopulatedExamplesSparsely PopulatedExamples EconomicPortsLimited facilities for ports Good roads, railways, airportsGermany, CaliforniaPoor transport links Industrial areasLack of industrial developmentIraq Development of tourismLack of tourist development PoliticalMoney availableTokyo, North ItalyLack of money for investment Government investmentLack of government investment New townsDepopulation of rural/industrial areas Reclamation of landLoss of land eg; deforestation SocialBetter housingArizonaPoor housing Education, health, entertainment facilities Limited education, health, entertainment facilities Rwanda Retirement areasSpanish Costas, Canary islands Poor retirement facilities

marks And human!

Answer Areas like Central Europe are densely populated because here the climate is moderate without extremes meaning that people can live and work here comfortably. The land is flatter here which means it is often more fertile and that building is easier and less expensive here. There is also a high concentration of jobs within Europe which encourages people to live there. At the same time there is also government investment within Europe meaning that there is more money for development. Areas like the Amazon are not densely populated as they are too remote to get there. This means that transportation is difficult and also that industry will not want to set up there. There is also a lack of jobs. The climate is uncomfortable and too humid to work in. Agriculture is difficult as they rain leaches nutrients from the soil.

Collecting Population Data LO – To be able to describe and explain how demographic information is collected and the problems associated with this.

What is a census? A Census is a survey, which provides detailed, reliable, statistical information of an entire population. It is a count of all people and households by the Government so that they (and all other organisations) can target resources, decide policies and plan services In the UK a census has been taken every ten years since 1801 (except for 1941)

What does the census cover? Household Accommodation Type Number of rooms Bathroom facilities Number of cars ownership Personal D.O.B Marital status Education Employment Religion Ethnic origin General health Number of children

How effective are they? Many countries are very efficient at collecting regular, reliable counts of their population and therefore valuable data for governments and planners. However, it requires massive amounts of planning and is very expensive (UK census costs approx. £255 million!) Some countries find it very difficult to conduct a census. Data is often inadequate, unreliable or non-existent.

Problems

Problems taking a Census in an ELDC Nomadic people Are difficult to keep track off e.g. Fulani of the Sahel High Pop Mobility e.g. 300 rural families migrate to Mumbai everyday Expensive Costs are huge and pose an enormous financial burden Enumerators e.g. India’s 1991 needed 1.7 million enumerators Suspicion Homelessness Language e.g. India has over 1 billion people that speak 15 languages in 1650 dialects Social and religious e.g In Jordan’s 1994 census many females omitted Literacy You are expected be familiar with some case studies that reflect the problems associated with taking a census in an ELDC Remote/ mountainous War

World Population Change LO – To be able to describe world population change.

Fertility, Mortality, Migration Fertility rates, mortality rates and migration rates are continually changing in our world. This fact makes it even more difficult to project population growth.

Describing Population Growth Page 196 Copy Fig 7.1

Population Projections for possible projections have been calculated based on UN forecasts If women around the world have 2.5 children world population will reach 27 billion by 2150 If fertility rates are reduced to 1.6 low projection levels would drop the population to 3.6 billion by Most likely is a medium projection where women have 2 children, this will stabilise the population at around 11 billion by 2150.

UN Population Projection Copy Figure 7.4

Considerations…. Impact of AIDS and other (future) diseases? Future epidemics? Impact of new medical advances? Medical care provision? New policy? War?

Can education impact fertility rates? Copy Figure 7.13 on page 205

Demographic Transition Model LO – To be able to describe and explain the DTM.

2008

Population Structure LO – To be able to read, describe and explain population pyramids.

Core Textbook Page 211 Read page 211 to 213 and make notes

Describing Population Pyramids

Pyramids

2009

Population Problems LO – To be able to describe and explain population problems and their impact.

Rapidly Growing Population

Declining population

2008

Population Policy LO – To be able to discuss old population policies.

See one child policy PowerPoint 6AznmQ&list=PLB53086F66EA42041 &index=2&feature=plpp_video

Migration LO – To be able to describe migration patterns and explain the positive and negative impacts of migration.

Key Terms Migration is ‘a movement’ of people from one home to another. It can be applied to temporary changes, including seasonal and daily movements. Emigrant is people who leave a country Immigrant are newcomers to a country The migration balance is the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants

Types of Migration Permanent External (international) Internal VoluntaryForcedRuralUrbanRegional West Indies to UK African slaves to USA LEDCs UK conurbations NW to SE UK

Types of Migration (continued) Semi-PermanentSeasonalDaily Several years Several months/years Commuters Migrants workers in France/Germany Harvest/holidays/uni students SE England

International Migration (Voluntary) People looking for an improved quality of life and personal freedom Employment (e.g. higher salaries, better job) Trade and economic expansion Better climate Better social amenities (e.g. hospitals, schools) To be with friends and relatives

International Migration (Forced) There is no personal choice but to move due to natural disaster or to economic or social imposition Religious and/or political persecution Wars (refugees) Forced labour (e.g. slaves or POW) Racial discrimination Lack of food due to famine Natural disasters Overpopulation

Barriers To Voluntary Migration: Lack of money Lack of awareness of opportunities Lack of skills Government restrictions To returning to Area of Origin: Insufficient funds Lower standard of living Racial or political problems

Consequences: for the Migrant May find better employment May have a better standard of living Stressful May not speak the language May find gaining employment difficult Away from family and friends and may feel lonely and isolated

Consequences: for the Area of Origin Less pressure on services and resources May send money back from host area Lack of workers (age 20-35) may lead to economic slump Very few children born Increasing elderly population Creates ghost towns Nobody to do manual work

Consequences: for Host country Plentiful supply of key workers Increase number of children born (stop underpopulation) May bring new skills May depress local wages Strain on local services Competition for employment Racial tension

Case Study Ideas Poland to UK (nww 3 pg 28) (you tube) Mexico to USA (nww pg 30) Sudan (core pg 233) Polish are coming (see you tube link)

2010

Case Study Ideas Poland to UK (nww 3 pg 28) (you tube) Sudan (core pg 233)