By: Abdulaziz K Al-Kuwari 8C

 The plant is comprised of two systems: The root system The shoot system. The roots absorb the water, which is needed for growth and photosynthesis and also acts as an anchor for holding the plant in place. The vascular tissues include two tubes; the xylem and phloem. The xylem tissue transport water while the phloem tissues transports food. The apical bud or tip is where the main flower opens up. The node is the part above the leaf where the fruit grows from. The internodes are the distance between the two nodes of each section in the plant. The leaf is the aboveground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. The plant is comprised of two systems: The root system The shoot system. The roots absorb the water, which is needed for growth and photosynthesis and also acts as an anchor for holding the plant in place. The vascular tissues include two tubes; the xylem and phloem. The xylem tissue transport water while the phloem tissues transports food. The apical bud or tip is where the main flower opens up. The node is the part above the leaf where the fruit grows from. The internodes are the distance between the two nodes of each section in the plant. The leaf is the aboveground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis.

 Water enters the root hair from the soil. Water inside the cells in the root has much higher solute concentrations (the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent. than does water in the soil so there is a water potential gradient. Thereby water moves into the cell by osmosis. Water potential is the possible amount of energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions.  1. Water enters the root hair from the soil. Water inside the cells in the root has much higher solute concentrations (the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent. than does water in the soil so there is a water potential gradient. Thereby water moves into the cell by osmosis. Water potential is the possible amount of energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions.

 2. Transpiration occurs when the water moves upwards once it reaches the xylem. Transpiration is the loss of water from the aerial parts of the plant (part of plant above ground) (particularly from the stomata in the leaves) as a result of evaporation. When water is evaporated, a pulling force is created. 3. The evaporation of water from the top of the plant creates a pulling force, which is called tension, carrying the water up the xylem. 4. Cohesion is the process of the water molecules being drawn together closely. Cohesion-tension model are the two forces together combined for the movement of water in xylem.

 5. Tension pulls the top of the column; cohesion between the water molecules pulls the lower molecules up. One certain thing should be followed for tension to correctly pull water to the top of a plant; the column of water inside the xylem must not be damaged or impaired in any way. – The cohesion between the water molecules will break and prevent upward movement if any damage occurs in the bubble or column. 6. A third force occurs when the water molecules are attracted to each other and the wall vessel. That force is called Adhesion and it normally holds the column of water in position. 7. The structure of the vessels are suited for allowing cohesion-tension; The adhesion of the water to the walls are allowed by the narrow structure of the vessels and they are incapable and resistant to bending, stopping the vessels from collapsing under the great pressure (imagine a straw collapsing under great sucking pressure). The pressure can cause the general diameter of the tree to become narrower.

  The waxy cuticle covering the leaf restrains gas exchange and water loss. The guard cells in the stomata opens and closes to manage the uptake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen, as required for photosynthesis. Their function is also to manage water loss from transpiration.  The stomata open up during the day due to the sunlight. They allow gas exchange relating to photosynthesis and also open up for transpiration.  The stomata close at night to top unnecessary water loss. Sometimes the stomata close during the day if excessive water loss occurs  The uptakes of the mineral nutrients are allowed as a result of transpiration. For photosynthesis to occur, the stomata must open up. Water vapor is lost to the atmosphere during the diffusion of carbon dioxide into the leaves. Photosynthesis is not done optimally, when the stomata close to prevent excess water loss. Open Stomata Closed Stomata

 Light During the day the stomata opens up. This causes the guard cells to swell, opening the stomata, enabling transpiration to occur. Temperature When the temperature increases so does the evaporation of water from mesophyll cells in the leaf so there is a greater amount of transpiration. Humidity The measure of water saturation in the air is called humidity. When the humidity increases, there is more water vapour in the air. There will be a lower diffusion gradient between the water in the air and leaf if the humidity increases. So higher humidity means slower transpiration Air movements Moving air (e.g. in windy conditions) moves the "shell" of air surrounding the leaf which means the diffusion rate is low which reduces transpiration.

  The three components needed for photosynthesis are:  Carbon dioxide  Water  Light  The two things that plants make as a result of photosynthesis are:  Glucose  Oxygen  The equation for photosynthesis:  Carbon Dioxide + Water (+Sunlight)  Glucose + Oxygen  The Chloroplasts are where Photosynthesis occurs. Chlorophyll are pigments which are in Chloroplasts. Light energy is absorbed from the Chlorophyll need for Photosynthesis.

  Chloroplast: plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments; in plants that carry out photosynthesis   Stomata: It’s a pore used for gas exchange. It allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf   Spongy cell: The increased surface areas, which allows Carbon Dioxide to diffuse into the leaves.   Cuticle: The cuticle acts as a barrier. The function of the cuticle is to prevent the leaves from becoming wet.   Palisade: palisade mesophyll tissue consisting of tightly packed, columnar cells. The palisade mesophyll contains chloroplast, which contains green pigments called Chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis.     Osmosis: It’s the movement of water from area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Semi-permeable membranes are very thin layers of material, which allow some things to pass through them, but filter other things and prevents them from passing through. Osmosis is beneficial in the transport of water, dissolve mineral ions and salt. It is also helpful in maintaining water level in plasma.

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