Chinese diplomacy: continuity and changes ( )

The context in which changes occurred 1.internal factors a.the end of the “Cultural Revolution” and the smash of “gang of four”; b.emancipation of ideas debates over the criteria of truth; idea of “white cat and black cat “, from class struggles to reconstruction of Chinese economy etc.) c.open door policy (starting from the rural areas)

2.external factors a.the detente of the superpowers’ confrontation; the US taking uphand slightly b. reduction of URRS’s military threat to China c. a need for a peaceful external environment for China to take nationwide economic reconstruction

Significant Changes in China’s Diplomacy New perspectives 1)The world shows the trend of its getting multipolar form a)China will become an important pole b)The rise of the third world is unavoidable c)The bipolar structure is ending

2) The another world war is avoidable 3) Peace and development are two major themes of the era a) Development is a matter of economic growth b) Peace is a general trend in the world 3) Hegemonism and power politics are major obstacles to peace and development

II Chinese diplomacy during this time 1.sticking to the principle of independence and self-determination a.maintaining the tradition of the principle of independence and self-determination in China’s diplomacy since b.forming no strategic alliance with other countries, nor relying on any major powers.

c. playing no U.S. card, or Soviet card, nor allowing other countries to play China card 2. Reflection on world politics: war and peace a.conventional judgment: new war is unavoidable, so preparing for war all the time. b reflection: the possibility of new war is decreasing, peoples around the world are major forces against war. c. China should make use of the situation to develop its economy and productivity.

III. Opening to the outside world as a long-term national policy. a.peaceful and stable external environment favourable to the open door policy b.the world is inclusive and open to China c.“one country, two systems”, in dealing with issues of Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. 2Sino-U.S. relations a smooth development of the bilateral relationship b obstacles in the bilateral relationship

Sino-US relations August 17th Communiqué (1982) Principles guiding Sino-US relations a)No interference other’s domestic affairs b)Mutual respect of each other’s sovereignty and integrity of territory Taiwan issue a)Both sides reaffirms the statements made about the Taiwan issue in the previous communiqués. b)China reaffirms that Taiwan is China’s domestic affair c)The US has no intention of implementing a policy of “two Chinas”, or “one China one Taiwan” d)Although no definitive conclusions were reached on the issue of arms sale to Taiwan, the U.S. declares its intent to gradually decrease its sale of arms to Taiwan.

trade disputes trade deficit, the question of calculations human rights issue family panning in China, abortion

Sino-USSR relations 1)both sides expressed willingness of seeking to improve their relationship 2) three preconditions to improve the bilateral relations a)Soviet withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan; b)Soviet stop its backing up Vietnamese aggression of Cambodia; c)Reducing and cutting Soviet troops stationed in China’s border 3) Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s visit to China and the normalization of the bilateral relationship