 Chapter 4 Mrs. Horn 5 th Grade Social Studies

 Lesson 1

 Expedition- a journey made for a special purpose  Colony- a settlement far from the country that rules it  Columbian Exchange- movement of people, animals, plants, diseases, and ways of life between the Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemispheres

 Christopher Columbus- Italian; voyages led to European settlement of the Americas and an exchange of people, animals, goods, and ways of life between East and West  King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella- king and queen of Spain who funded Columbus’s voyage  Amerigo Vespucci- sailed to the eastern coast of South America in 1501; the named America is derived from his name; he was the first to call the Americas a “new world”

 Vasco Nunez de Balboa- Spanish; crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513  Ferdinand Magellan- Portugal; led the first expedition around the world, which began in 1519 and ended without him in 1522 (he was killed during the voyage)

 Bahama Islands  West Indies

 Italian  Wanted to find a better way to reach the Indies, a part of Asia rich with gold, spices, and other goods  At this time, the only way to reach the Indies was by land journey over the Silk Road  Columbus suggested sailing west across the Atlantic  He convinced Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to fund his expedition

 Left Spain with three ships (Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria) on August 3, 1492  On October 12, land was sighted  Historians believe that Columbus had reached one of the Bahama Islands  Because he believed he had reached the Indies, Columbus called the Taino “Indians”  The Bahama Islands and other islands of the region became known as the West Indies

 On the 2 nd expedition Columbus made to the Americas, he took 17 ships loaded with settlers, animals and other supplies  The goal for this trip was to start a colony that would bring profits to Spain  Thousands of European settlers were soon living in colonies throughout the West Indies  Although the Columbian Exchange helped Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas, it also had several downfalls

 Columbus showed Europeans the way to the Americas  By the early 1600s, explorers and settlers from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Sweden and the Netherlands had come to the Americas

 Lesson 2

Lesson 2 Vocabulary  Conquistador- conquerors  Ally- a friend who will help in a fight  Conquest- is the capture or taking of something by force  Convert- change  Colonist- a person who lives in a colony

Meet the People  Moctezuma- leader of the Aztecs during the time of Cortes’s conquest  Hernando Cortes- Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire  Dona Marina- Cortes’s ally and interpreter  Francisco Pizarro- Spanish leader who conquered the Inca  Atahualpa- Incan ruler in 1532

Important Places  Tenochtitlan  New Spain  Mexico City  Cuzco  Lima

The Aztecs Are Conquered  1519 Cortes arrived in Mexico with the goal of gaining some of the Aztecs’ wealth  Cortes faced a major challenge- his men were outnumbered  Cortes did have advantages: metal armor, muskets, bullets, and horses  Cortes also had allies  At their first meeting, Moctezuma agrees to let Crotes stay in Tenochtitlan  1520, Aztecs throw Spanish out of their city  Moctezuma was killed; Cortes escaped  Cortes returns late in 1520 with more allies  1521 Aztec empire falls to the conquistadors

 Spanish destroy Tenochtitlan  Smallpox continued to claim lives  New Spain is established in 1535; New Spain’s capital was established as Mexico City  Government, schools, and universities are built; laws are made  Priests convert people to Christianity  Spanish colonists came with hopes to become wealthy

 Francisco Pizarro is sent to South America to conquer the Incan Empire  In 1532, Atahualpa is captured  1533, Cuzco is captured by Pizarro’s forces  By 1545, a new capital called Lima had been established in Peru

 Lesson 3

 Society- group of people forming a community  Plantation- large farms with many workers who lived on the land they worked  Encomienda- granted a peninsulare control of all of the native peoples who lived on an area of land  Missionary- teaches his/her religion to others who have different beliefs  Mission- a religious settlement where missionaries live and work

 Hernando de Soto- the first European explorer to reach the Mississippi River  Esteban- African sailor who had been enslaved and told of a rich kingdom called Cibola  Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca- explored what is now known as Texas in 1528  Francisco Vasquez de Coronado- explored the Southwest in 1540  Juan Ponce de Leon- landed on the Florida peninsula in 1513  Bartolome de La Casas- led the movement to end the enslavement of native peoples in New Spain

 Hispaniola

 Spanish told stories of gold and other riches in the Americas  Cibola was told to be a rich kingdom located far to the north of Mexico  Vaca and Esteban are shipwrecked in 1528 (they had traveled for 8 years in search of Cibola)  In 1531, Esteban joins another expedition to find Cibola  Esteban is killed by the Zuni people in modern day New Mexico  The legend of Cibola lived on  Governor of New Spain sends Coronado to find the cities  Coronado does not find Cibola either

 By the end of 1500s, most fighting between the native peoples and conquistadors had stopped  By 1600, a new life and society was developing in New Spain  At the top of the society were the peninsulares (those born in Spain)  Next were the creoles (Spanish descent but born in the Americas)  Under the creoles were the mestizos (person with Indian and Spanish background)  Those who had no Spanish ancestors (Indians and Africans) held the lowest position in society

 Peninsulares were wealthy and powerful  Many owned plantations  Some held grants, encomiends, that gave them control over all of the native peoples who lived on an area of land  Encomienda owners were to care for and convert the native peoples to Christianity  Native peoples had to give the encomienda owners crops they grew and other goods  Colonists in the city earned money by holding jobs such as shopkeepers, merchants and government positions; others owned clothing and furniture businesses

 Native peoples worked without pay as farm workers, miners, and servants  Many times they were beaten and did not have enough to eat  Roman Catholic missionaries run some encomiendas  Many missions were built throughout New Spain  Missionaries wanted to convert native peoples to Christianity and some were taught European farming traditions such as raising cattle and sheep; often treated native peoples cruelly  Batolome de Las Casas spoke out against mistreatment of native peoples by missionaries; Spain passed laws requiring native peoples to be paid for their work  Laws were not enforced and later were cancelled

Slavery in Americas  In 1512, Spanish brought enslaved Africans to the Hispaniola to replace native peoples who were dying rapidly from diseases  Africans in slavery became an important part of the colonial economy  By 1574, there were 12,000 slaves in Hispaniola alone  African slaves died from overwork and mistreatment  Profits from colonial plantations and mines brought large profits to Spain  In 1600s, Spain was one of the most powerful countries in the world