Lunds universitet / LTH / 2009-02-26 Tillämpad vattenkemi 2010 Applied Aquatic Chemistry 2010 Jan-Olle Malm Lars Stenberg Deptartment of Chemistry Per.

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Lunds universitet / LTH / Tillämpad vattenkemi 2010 Applied Aquatic Chemistry 2010 Jan-Olle Malm Lars Stenberg Deptartment of Chemistry Per Warfvinge Department of Chemical Engineering

Lunds universitet / LTH / After the course, you should: understand key chemical processes in surface waters and groundwaters be able to apply your knowledge about chemical equilibrium on real-world problems have developed your computation skills be able to interpret chemical phenomena and express your ideas in writing

Lunds universitet / LTH / What we do Basic chemistry – lectures by Jan-Olle Malm Applied Water Chemistry – lectures by Per Warfvinge Exercises and preparation of a workbook Labwork –The CO 2 /water system –Chemical analyses and charge balance –Microbial redox reactions

Lunds universitet / LTH / Perspective: Water chemistry as a result of complex interactions

Lunds universitet / LTH / Limited climatic change Fresh air Only natural acidification High quality groundwater Vital lakes and streams Vibrant wetlands Oceans in balance No eutrophication Diverse forests Rich farmland Great mountains Good built environment Safe radiation Protective ozone layer Water Atmosphere National environmental goals:

Lunds universitet / LTH / Links to previous courses Hydrology and aquatic ecoogy –Links between chemistry and biology –Growth limiting element, carbon sources Physics –Balances, thermodynamics, computations Geology –Link bedrock/soil to water quality –Open and closed aquifers Themodynamics –Equilibrium concept, ”free energy”, kinetics Mathematics –Algebraic equations (dependence, rank)

Lunds universitet / LTH / …and further on Statistics W3 –Computational skills Masstransport W3 –Modeling of dynamic systems –Chemistry in a context –Contaminant transport in groundwater Environment and Management W3 –Link environmental issues - environmental legislation –Environmental assessment Degree project and – work!

Lunds universitet / LTH / What does an Environmental engineer need to master? Processes dealing with the pH and redox-conditions in water –Gas-water interactions –Acid-base equilibria –Dissolution and precipitation reactions –Reduction - oxidization reactions Less important –Phase distribution equilibria –Complexing

Lunds universitet / LTH / Key chemical concepts Equilibrium Equilibrium equations Charge neutrality Charge balances

Lunds universitet / LTH / Water chemistry units mol/L –Used for equilibrium/kinetic calculations mg/L –Commonly uses for N and P eq/L or mol c /L –equivalents/L = charge * mol/L –Commonly used for comparisons and trend analysis –Can be used to set up charge balances

Lunds universitet / LTH / The Charge Balance - Stream water from the Kålmården area

Lunds universitet / LTH / Most important acid-base system in nature: CO 2 -water

Lunds universitet / LTH / Water chemistry: First week DateTimeRoomTypeInstructor Mon 15/310-12BLecture, AWC 1-2PW 13-14FLecture, AWC 1-2PW 20-21Read AWC 1-2 Tue 16/310-12GLecture, Chang 15/16 (pH)JOM 15-17H, IExerciseJAM, MP, JOM Thur 18/313/19Lab 1JAM, MP Fri 19/38-10H, IExerciseJAM, MP, JOM 13-15FLecture, Chang 17 (buffers)JOM 15-19Lab 1JAM, MP

Lunds universitet / LTH / Sensitivity of aquatic species to pH

Lunds universitet / LTH / Key chemical concepts Equilibrium Equilibrium equations Charge neutrality Charge balances

Lunds universitet / LTH / Global reservoirs of water

Lunds universitet / LTH / Laboration 1: Equilibrium gas/liquid CO 2 in N 2 is bubbled through ”pure” water Experimental determination of gas-liquid equilibrium constant When: Wednesday - Thursday Where: Level 0, labs close to Ideon Staff: Jenny Axén Mårtensson, Malin Rosenberg

Lunds universitet / LTH / Globally most common ions in surface waters/ground waters Anion Reference value mmole/L Cation Reference value mmole/L HCO 3 - 3Ca 2+ 1 SO Na + 1 Cl - 0.1Mg NO K+K Sr