1 Gender Statistics: What is all about? Angela Me UNECE Statistics Division

UNECE Statistical Division 2 Gender/Sex Gender refers to socially constructed differences between sexes and to the social relationship between women and men Sex: biological differences between women and men

UNECE Statistical Division 3 Gender/Sex Gender: differences may be changed Sex: differences are fixed and unchangeable

UNECE Statistical Division 4 What is Gender Statistics Gender statistics are statistics that adequately reflect the situation of women and men in all policy areas - they allow for a systematic study of gender differentials and gender issues.

UNECE Statistical Division 5 What gender statistics is NOT Women statistics Not exclusively for women advocacy An issue only for women’s organizations

UNECE Statistical Division 6 Why do we need Gender statistics? Analysis: Production of G. I. Use of G. I. For Policy making Production of G.S.

UNECE Statistical Division 7 What is gender statistics? Gender statistics  relates to all statistical fields where individuals are observed  statistics by sex + statistics reflecting gender issues

UNECE Statistical Division 8 What is gender statistics? From Gender-Blind Statistics to Gender- sensitive  Sex as a variable in the presentation of the data  Sex as a variable in the collection of the data  The production of gender-sensitive data

UNECE Statistical Division 9 What is gender statistics? From Gender-Blind Statistics to Gender- sensitive  Example: Census Tables – sex-to-be- included  Example: business register questionnaire: to include sex  To improve the data collection  Expand existing data collection (Labour Force Surveys)  Initiate new data collection (Time-use, Violence against women)

UNECE Statistical Division 10 What is Gender Statistics? Production and dissemination of statistics Quality of data Relevance for gender analysis Use of the data

UNECE Statistical Division 11 What is gender statistics? Not ONLY the statistics reflecting gender issues should be sex- disaggregated

UNECE Statistical Division 12 What is gender statistics? Statistics on women and men on ALL spheres of society Statistics by sex + statistics reflecting gender issues

UNECE Statistical Division 13 Implications GS relates to all statistical fields where individuals are observed Mainstreaming into national statistical systems

UNECE Statistical Division 14 What does mainstreaming mean? Sex-disaggregated data (production, methods and dissemination) in all areas: Business statistics? Agriculture statistics? Transport statistics? ICT statistics?

UNECE Statistical Division 15 Message 1 for the Gender Statistics Focal Point (GSFP) To work in all fields of statistics (and not only social and demographic) to include sex in the production and dissemination of statistics

UNECE Statistical Division 16 Message 1 for the Gender Statistics Focal Point (GSFP) To consider the impact on women and men in every step of statistical production Concepts and methods used in data collection need to be adequately formulated to ensure that they reflect existing gender concerns and differentials

UNECE Statistical Division 17 Production of sex- disaggregated data ECE/UNDP Assessment 2003 YesNoNo answer 0 Poverty Migration Informal Sector 3 3 Time Use 250 Violence 430 Trafficking 052

UNECE Statistical Division 18 Message 1 for the Gender Statistics Focal Point (GSFP) Resistance “Business statistics does not relate to gender” “We do not want to overburden the respondents”

UNECE Statistical Division 19 Message 1 for the Gender Statistics Focal Point (GSFP) Key Message to gender-blind statisticians: Relevance Need help from the “Users”

UNECE Statistical Division 20 Message 1 for the Gender Statistics Focal Point (GSFP) How to operate? 1. GSFP placed in the office of the chief statistician or in other cross-cutting departments 2. Gender sensitization in national statistical offices

UNECE Statistical Division 21 Message 2 for the Gender Statistics Focal Point (GSFP) All statistics should be analyzed and presented with sex as primary and overall classification (Internet, Yearbooks, specialized publications) Involvement in the entire dissemination process not only in publications on women and men

UNECE Statistical Division 22 Dissemination of sex- disaggregated data ECE/UNDP Assessment 2003 Always4 Very Often3 Infrequent0

UNECE Statistical Division 23 Message 2 for the Gender Statistics Focal Point (GSFP) Resistance “There is no space” “There are no differences between women and men and therefore there is no need to disaggregate the data by sex”

UNECE Statistical Division 24 Message 1 for the Gender Statistics Focal Point (GSFP) Key Message to gender-blind statisticians: Relevance Need help from the “Users”

UNECE Statistical Division 25 Message 2 for the Gender Statistics Focal Point (GSFP) How to operate? 1. GSFP placed in the office of the chief statistician or in other cross-cutting departments 2. Gender sensitization in national statistical offices

UNECE Statistical Division 26 Location and Seniority of GSFP ECE/UNDP Assessment 2003 LocationLevel of seniority AzerbaijanSoc&Dem Deputy Dir. KazakhstanSoc%Dem Head of Dept. KyrgyzstanSocial Vice-Dir. Division TajikistanSocial First deputy Dir. TurkmenistanSoc&Pop Head Dept. UzbekistanSocial Deputy Dir. Russian Fed.Labour Deputy Dir.

UNECE Statistical Division 27 GSFP Interacting with other Departments ECE/UNDP Assessment 2003 YesPartlyNoNo unit Economic St Agriculture St Soc&Dem St Methodology Unit 4110 Dissemination Unit 6100

UNECE Statistical Division 28 National Statistical Office

UNECE Statistical Division 29 National Statistical Office

UNECE Statistical Division 30 Message 1 for Users Sex-disaggregated data provide an unbiased basis for policy needs The improvement of gender statistics involves all the statistical system Stimulate the production of GS Provision for sex-disaggregated data in Gender Equality Laws

UNECE Statistical Division 31 Legal Framework for GS ECE/UNDP Assessment 2003 Stat. LawGender Eq. Law Other Azerbaijan X Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan X Tajikistan X (not specific) Turkmenistan X (not specific) Uzbekistan X (not specific) Russian Fed. X (Action Pl)

UNECE Statistical Division 32 GS: More than sex- disaggregated data GS: Production of statistics that adequately reflect gender issues considering the different socio- economic reality women and men face in society An issue not only for statisticians

UNECE Statistical Division 33 Message 2 for Users Need to work with statisticians to identify the areas where the social and economic reality of women and men are different and need to be addressed

UNECE Statistical Division 34 Analysis: Production of G. I. Use of G. I. Production of G.S.

UNECE Statistical Division 35 Analysis What are the relevant indicators to measure gender equality for policy making? 1. Indicators of process toward gender equality ex.: number of courses and seminars 2. Indicators to measure gender equality equal opportunities equal outcomes

UNECE Statistical Division 36 Indicators for gender equality What is gender equality? Equality of opportunities or equality of outcomes? Equal opportunities = Equal rights Equal outcomes = everyone achieves the same outcomes

UNECE Statistical Division 37 What is gender equality? Example: Participation in employment Opportunities: Equal level of education Outcome: Equal participation in employment Different implications for policy making Outcome intervention: Positive Actions quotas, programmes targeted only to women

UNECE Statistical Division 38 Indicators for gender equality To measure equality we need both indicators of opportunities and indicators of outcomes

UNECE Statistical Division 39 Indicators for gender equality BUT It is easier to measure outcomes ex. Gender pay gap Often indicators simply measure a different reality for women and men. This reality needs to be further analyzed to highlight when these differences are due to unequal opportunities (or unequal rights) and NOT to different choices

UNECE Statistical Division 40 Indicators for gender equality Focus not only on desired outcome but outcomes in relation to their inputs Linking inputs and outputs

UNECE Statistical Division 41 Indicators for gender equality Examples Pay gap by educational level/hours worked/occupation Activity rate by family composition Hours worked by family composition Activity rate by educational level/field of study

UNECE Statistical Division 42 Indicators for gender equality Key in Measuring Equal Opportunities Gender roles, norms and attitudes: societal forces that create and maintain gender inequality Challenge for national statistical systems

UNECE Statistical Division 43 Cycle of Production and Use Analysis: Production of G. I. Use of G. I. Production of G.S.

UNECE Statistical Division 44 Why to use gender indicators  To understand the conditions in society for women and men  To understand what affects gender equality  To provide quantifiable information and advocate for gender equality  To better focus policies to have an impact on equality between women and men  To monitor policies and their impact on the situation of women and men

UNECE Statistical Division 45 Why to use gender indicators  To increase evidence-based policy making and evaluation  To perform Gender Impact Assessments (Ireland)  Current position of women and men  What factors affect women and men differently?  How these factors can be changed?

UNECE Statistical Division 46 What is needed to use gender indicators for policy making Gender analysis to understand  What affects outputs: what factors affect women and men differently?  The actual trend of the outputs  How much the gender dimension matters  Where in the countries are the women and men most affected

UNECE Statistical Division 47 Gender gap by educational level Source: ECE Gender Data base, latest year available

UNECE Statistical Division 48 Use of gender statistics for policy Use of gender statistics/indicators is easier at local level

UNECE Statistical Division 49 Use of gender statistics for monitoring Benchmarking To establish a criterion or a standard against which an object is set and progress is measured Goals and Targets

UNECE Statistical Division 50 Use of gender statistics for monitoring Goals and Targets Define what is gender equality and where priorities are Define the regular collection of output indicators

UNECE Statistical Division 51 Cycle of Production and Use Analysis: Production of G. I. Use of G. I. Production of G.S.

UNECE Statistical Division 52 Conclusions Users need to be trained on HOW to use statistics  Gender analysis  Understand the quality of the data  Accuracy (Coverage, methodology)  Relevance  Timeliness  Understand the complimentary role of qualitative information  To base policy decision on solid statistics  To set targets and monitoring processes