Wave Transfers Energy Without Transferring Matter

Wave A wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location.

There are three types of waves: Mechanical waves require a material medium to travel (air, water, ropes). Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to travel (light, radio). Matter waves are produced by electrons and particles.

Mechanical Waves Transverse waves cause the medium to move perpendicular to the direction of the wave. Longitudinal waves cause the medium to move parallel to the direction of the wave. Surface waves are both transverse waves and longitudinal waves mixed in one medium. (Such as water waves) Torsional waves produce a twisting motion through the medium – such as the ones which caused the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge.

Tacoma Narrows Bridge Torsional Oscillation Mechanical Universe Video

Transverse & Longitudinal Waves In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. In a longitudinal wave, the particles of the medium oscillate along the direction of wave travel.

3 Types of Mechanical Waves

Wave Tutorial Links ch8.htmhttp://library.thinkquest.org/10796/ch8/ ch8.htm aves/wavestoc.htmlhttp:// aves/wavestoc.html

Longitudinal Tuning Fork Wave Vibrating tines produce an alternating pattern of high pressure and low pressure regions. This pattern travels away from the fork. Compression – high pressure Rarefaction – low pressure

Period: T The PERIOD of a wave is the time for a particle of the medium to complete one oscillation. The SI unit for period is the second.

Frequency: f The FREQUENCY of a wave is the number of cycles per unit time. The unit is Hertz (Hz) which is a cycle per second. FREQUENCY is also the reciprocal of the period.

Amplitude: A The AMPLITUDE of a wave is the maximum distance of a particle from the equilibrium position. The SI unit for amplitude is meter

Wavelength:  lambda ) The WAVELENGTH of a wave is the length of one complete cycle. It is the distance between two consecutive “in phase” points. In phase points are those that are moving in step with each other.

Wave Applets Wavelength, Amplitude, Phase Frequency, Wavelength, Speed Longitudinal Wave Transverse Wave Superposition Principle 1 Superposition Principle 2

Wave Equation The speed of a wave is equal to the product of the wave’s frequency and wavelength. v: wave speed f: frequency : wavelength

Speed of Wave on String

Sound Waves The origin of any sound is a vibrating object –Usually the frequency of the sound is the same as that of the vibrating object Frequency Range: Sound: 20 Hz – 20,000 Hz Ultrasound: >20,000 Hz Infrasound: < 20 Hz

Forced Vibration & Resonance forced vibration – example -- strike tuning fork and hold the stem against the table sounding board -- used to amplify sound in music boxes and all string resonance -- when the frequency of forced vibrations matches the object's natural frequency, a dramatic increase in amplitude occurs

Speed of Sound Aluminum6420 Granite6000 Steel5960 Pyrex glass5640 Copper5010 Plastic2680 Fresh water (20 ºC)1482 Fresh water (0 ºC)1402 Hydrogen (0 ºC)1284 Helium (0 ºC)965 Air (20 ºC)343 Air (0 ºC)331 MaterialSpeed (m/s)

Speed of Sound in Air depends on wind conditions, temperature, and humidity does NOT depend on loudness or frequency of the sound all sounds travel at the same speed in the same medium in dry air at 0°C ~ 331 m/s (1200 km/h) (740 mi/h) Sound travels faster through warm air than cold air. In air, v sound = m/s + (0.6 m/s/C o )*T C

Distance to Lightning Light travels at 3 x 10 8 m/s in air Sound travels at about 330 m/s in air at 0 o C It takes about 5 seconds for the sound (the thunder) to travel 1 mile. Count the seconds between the flash and the sound, divide by 5, and you have the approximate distance in miles to the lightning.

Pitch & Loudness Pitch – frequency Double frequency – go up an octave Loudness – amplitude –Units – W/m 2

Human Ear

Decibel Scale incredibly sensitive can hear everything from fingertip brushing lightly over fabric to a loud jet engine sound of jet engine is about times more powerful than smallest audible sound a big difference! decibel scale -- smallest audible sound is 0 dB A sound 10 times more powerful is 10 dB A sound 100 times more powerful than near total silence is 20 dB Decibel Scale is logarithmic

Sound Intensities Loudest sound produced in laboratory10 9 Saturn V rocket at 50 m10 8 Rupture of the eardrum10 4 Jet engine at 50 m10 Threshold of pain1 Rock concert10 –1 Jackhammer at 1 m10 –3 Heavy street traffic10 –5 Conversation at 1 m10 –6 Classroom10 –7 Whisper at 1 m10 –10 Normal breathing10 –11 Threshold of hearing10 –12 (W/m 2 )

Intensity Level Logarithmic Scale Dimensionless I 0 = W/m 2

Decibel Levels Near total silence - 0 dB A whisper - 15 dB Normal conversation - 60 dB A lawnmower - 90 dB A car horn dB A rock concert or a jet engine dB A gunshot or firecracker dB

Doppler Effect Doppler Effect Lesson

Doppler Effect Moving Source Moving Observer General Expression

Superposition Principle Wave interference occurs when two or more waves act simultaneously on a medium. Whenever two or more waves pass through each other, the resulting disturbance at a given point in the medium may usually be found by adding the individual displacements that each wave would have caused. (Principle of Superposition)

Constructive Interference Constructive interference occurs when the waves are trying to displace the medium in the same direction.

Destructive Interference When these two waves are completely overlapping, there will be complete destructive interference. Destructive interference occurs when the waves are trying to displace the medium in opposite directions.

Pulse/Wave Reflection Fixed/Free End Reflection of Sine Wave Free End ReflectionFixed End Reflection Interference between incident and reflected pulse in a fixed end reflection

Standing Waves For certain frequencies, the interference of the incident and reflected waves results in a standing wave pattern.

Fundamental Frequency and Harmonics

Standing Waves in a Tube Closed on one end: Open on both ends:

Waves Moving in and Out of Phase When the 2 waves are in phase, the resulting disturbance has a maximum amplitude. When the 2 waves are out of phase, the resulting disturbance has a minimum amplitude.

Beats Waves of slightly different frequencies form a pattern of alternating maximum and minimum amplitude. The packets of maximum amplitude are called beats.

Noise Canceling tiny microphones, one on each earpiece, detect ambient noise before it gets to your ears. noise-cancellation circuitry inverts the captured signal, turning the noise's sound wave upside down. noise-cancellation system adds the sonic opposite of the external noise to whatever you're listening to eliminating most of the pollution and leaving you with just your music.

Standing Waves

Fundamental & Harmonics