Design Studies 1A STRUCTURES

Nature of Structure l a building is a balancing act l human space does not exist until enclosed by structure STRUCTURE IS WHAT WE CONSTRUCT resistance of structure vs forces of nature T R U C T U R SE 2/27

Nature of Structure l structure functions as a whole l designed in response to anticipated loads l relatively fragile wrt unanticipated loads 3/27

Function of Structure the function of structure is to resist all the forces acting (on the building) and to transfer them to supports (the ground) 4/27

Considerations l stability - equilibrium building must not move - up, sideways or overturn all forces and moments must balance l strength building must not break / collapse l stiffness - functionality building must continue to serve its purpose must not deform too much 3 main considerations 5/27

Need to Consider l behaviour of physical objects subjected to forces l space and dimensionality l material behaviour concerned with 6/27

l must resist loads due to gravity, wind, vibrations, impact and earthquakes l major portion of structure for emergency - safety factors l behaviour of materials - deformation under stress - may deteriorate 7/27 Need to Consider (Cont.)

Design of Structure l maximum efficiency ? l interesting / innovative forms ? What is the problem ??? 8/27

Designing Structures no right answer larger the enclosed space - more need for structural efficiency 9/27 little skill required to design building which will stand up

Hanging Office Building Westcoast Transmission Company Tower, Vancouver Rhone & Iredale Bogue Babicki Inversion Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) 11/2510/27

Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) Hong Kong Bank Building Hong Kong (1986) Foster and Partners Ove Arup and Partners 12/25 11/27

Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) Model of a Roof Structure J  rn Utzon 13/2512/27

Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) Parabolic Cable Structure Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis Gunnar Birkerts & Associates Skilling, Helle, Christiansen, Robertson 14/2513/27

Multipanel Trusses Sainsbury Centre Norwich, England Foster & Partners Anthony Hunt Associates Warren Trusses Centre Georges Pompidou Paris Piano & Rogers Ove Arup & Partners Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) 15/25 14/27

Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) 3-Hinged Truss Arches Waterloo Terminal for Chunnel Trains Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners Anthony Hunt Associates 16/25 15/27

Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) Hanging Roof Ingalls Hockey Rink Yale University Eero Saarinen Severud-Elstad-Krueger 17/25 16/27

Tent Structure Pier 6 Concert Pavilion Baltimore, 1992 FTL Buro Happold & M. G. McLaren 17/27

Lovett Vacation House Crane Island, Washington, 1972 Wendell Lovett Robert Albrecht 19/25 18/27

Seidler House Killara, H. Seidler Large R.C. cantilevers 20/25 19/27

Harry Seidler High Court of Australia Canberra, m P.C. beams expressing changing stress patterns NSW Government Stores Alexandria, Tetrahedron Space Frame Miller, Milstone & Ferris Exhibition Pavilion Hyde Park, Steel Hyperboloid Structure 21/25 20/27

Los Manantiales Restaurant Xochimilco, Mexico, 1958 J. A. Ordonez Felix Candela Passenger Terminal Idlewild Airport, NY Eero Saarinen Buro Happold & M. G. McLaren 22/25 21/27

Project for an Office Tower 1956/57 I. M. Pei & Ass. Roberts & Schaefer Co. 23/25 22/27

Stadium Australia Homebush, Sydney, 1999 Bligh Lobb Sports Architects Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) Modus Consulting Engineers 24/25 23/27

25/25 24/27

What do we Want to Know? l what is structure - what does structure do? l what are we trying to do? 25/27 encloses space prevent failure- equilibrium, strength, functionality

What do we Want to Know? l what causes failure? 26/27 l loads - moments l insufficient support l inadequate arrangement l inadequate strength - size, material l inadequate stiffness

What do we Want to Know? l what must the structure do? l what are elements of structure? 27/27 l resist loads / moments l supports l structure itself l transfer loads / moments to supports / ground l resist deformation l beams, columns, trusses, slabs, shells,...