BELLWORK Explain the difference in beliefs between Hobbs and Rousseau. Why did Montesquieu advocate for a “separation of powers?” What are inalienable rights? Who gives us these rights? What is the difference between an absolute monarchy and a parliamentary monarchy? During the Enlightenment, the Catholic church said its biggest enemy was reason. What does this mean? Why would the church oppose using logic and reason? THINKER: What is a revolution? Can a revolution be more than just political change?

The Scientific Revolution “No great discovery was ever made without a bold guess” --Isaac Newton

The Middle Ages People believed: The earth was flat The earth was the center of the universe (God created the universe to serve People, therefore it was the center) This idea was called the Geocentric Theory

Old Views New Views Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe Geocentric theory, Aristotle Earth center of universe Sun, moon, planets revolved around sun Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals Scholars began to challenge traditional authorities, 1500s Scientific Revolution, new way of thinking Posed theories, developed procedures to test ideas Why open to new ideas? Exploration New lands, new people, new animals Skepticism/Secularism 4

Scientific Revolution A period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of “ancient” ideas Laid the foundation of modern science.

Main Ideas and Details A new understanding of the world Logical thought Scientific Method 6

7

Scientific Revolution You are now going to read about the five most important scientists during the Scientific Revolution. For each scientist, summarize their beliefs and what they changed. Use. Pgs. 292-296 to complete the worksheet. Be ready to discuss!

Nicolaus Copernicus In the late 1400s, Copernicus began to challenge the old way of thinking He believed the earth was round and rotated on its axis as it revolved around the sun He believed the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe This was called the Heliocentric Theory

Johannes Kepler German astronomer in the early 1600s Defended and expanded ideas of Copernicus He used mathematical formulas to prove that the planets revolve around the sun (laws of planetary motion) Kepler also proved the planets move in oval ellipses, and move faster as they approach the sun

Galileo Galilei In 1609, mathematician Galileo expanded the ideas of Copernicus by proving that planets revolve around the sun, not the earth He also made improvements on the telescope, observed sun spots, improved compass design and discovered the 4 largest satellites of Jupiter, now called the Galilean Moons

Galileo Continued… In 1632, after publishing his ideas, Galileo was forced to stand trial for speaking against church ideas Why do you think the church opposed his views? He was forced to recant his views and lived out his life under house arrest

Francis Bacon Late 1500s/Early 1600s Helped develop (along with Galileo) Scientific Method—scientists observe, hypothesize, and experiment to prove scientific law

Isaac Newton Late 1600s/Early 1700s Newton expanded the works of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo In his book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Newton described the three laws of motion and gravity (basis for modern engineering) Helped develop calculus and created “Newton’s Method” for approximating zeroes of a function Invented the reflecting telescope, studied the speed of sound, and law of cooling

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion A body continues to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force F = ma: the net force of an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Science and Society As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important. While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible. The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution caused philosophers and scholars to wonder if reason and logic could solve poverty, war, and ignorance

CLOSURE In your opinion, what was the greatest achievement during the Scientific Revolution? Which advances made during the Scientific Revolution are still used today? Explain the church’s reaction to the Scientific Revolution. How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact beyond the realm of science?

Scientific Revolution Reading For homework, you are now going to read a handout on the Scientific Revolution and answer a few questions. This handout will go more in-depth on the achievements during the period. As you read, answer the five questions This information is extremely important since we still use it today – make sure you read the entire handout!