Themes in Biology

Biology- the study of all living things Properties of Living Organisms 1. Cellular structure and function cell: basic unit of structure and function of organisms 2. Reproduction - process by which organisms make more of the same organism

3. Metabolism- sum of all chemical reactions in an organism Ex: plants capture suns energy and make glucose Ex: plants capture suns energy and make glucose which we eat which we eat 4. Maintain homeostasis - constant internal environment in an organism Ex: arctic seals- blubber Ex: arctic seals- blubber cactus- heavy waterproof layer cactus- heavy waterproof layer

5. Heredity – passing of traits from parent to offspring 6. Evolution – gradual change in a species over a period of time 7. Interdependence – organisms dependence on each other within an environment

Purposes of Biology To solve real world problems: A. Studying ecosystems B. Genetically engineered crops C. Help fight diseases

The Scientific Method Steps 1. Make observations and ask a question ask a question 2. Form a hypothesis (educated guess based on (educated guess based on observations) observations) - prediction: expected outcome from the test assuming the hypothesis is correct expected outcome from the test assuming the hypothesis is correct

3. Test the hypothesis thru experimentation - controlled experiment A. control group: A. control group: “normal condition” “normal condition” - receives no experimental treatment or change in condition - receives no experimental treatment or change in condition B. experimental group: B. experimental group: “test group” “test group” - variable/ experimental factor being tested for - variable/ experimental factor being tested for a. independent variable: factor being varied a. independent variable: factor being varied b. dependant variable: factor being measured b. dependant variable: factor being measured

4. Collect and analyze data - use charts, tables, observations - use charts, tables, observations 5.Draw conclusions (form a theory) (form a theory) - can support or reject hypothesis - can be disproven through further experimentation 6. Share results or retest

Representing Data Graphically Charts/Graphs There are three basic components to most charts/graphs: Labels- defines the data:Labels- defines the data: - title, axis titles and labels, legends defining separate data series - title, axis titles and labels, legends defining separate data series Scales- define the range of the Y and the X axisScales- define the range of the Y and the X axis Graphical elements- represent the dataGraphical elements- represent the data - bars in bar charts - lines in times series plot - points in scatter plots - slices of a pie chart

Pie Charts

Bar Graphs

Line Graphs School System Enrollment

Scatter Plots (x,y)

Scatter Plots (x,y) Rules for Scatterplots (shows relationship between variables) Use two interval-level variables (x and y)Use two interval-level variables (x and y) Fully define the variables with the axis titlesFully define the variables with the axis titles Chart title should identify the two variables and the cases (e.g., cities or states)Chart title should identify the two variables and the cases (e.g., cities or states) X axis: independent variable (cause)X axis: independent variable (cause) Y axis: dependent variable (result) Y axis: dependent variable (result) Scale the axes to maximize the use of the plot area for displaying the data pointsScale the axes to maximize the use of the plot area for displaying the data points Use same interval measurements on each axisUse same interval measurements on each axis Do NOT connect dots, use a trend lineDo NOT connect dots, use a trend line

Scatter Plot Trend Lines NEGATIVE NEGATIVE indirect indirect relationship relationship (+, -) (+, -) NULL POSITIVE NULL POSITIVE no direct no direct relationship relationship (0,0) (+, +) (0,0) (+, +)

Theory - Explanation based on a set of experimentation that have been tested and confirmed many times but can be broken. - Generally accepted as scientific principle

Scientific Law summarizing statement that is considered fact and can not be broken summarizing statement that is considered fact and can not be broken Ex: gravity

Studying Behavior animal behavior: what an animal does when interacting with its environmentanimal behavior: what an animal does when interacting with its environment ex: humpback whale: bubble net

Types of Behavior Is it nature or nurture? innate behavior: behavior performed correctly and in the same way by all individuals of a species, without previous experience (genetic cause)innate behavior: behavior performed correctly and in the same way by all individuals of a species, without previous experience (genetic cause) The graylag goose responds to an egg outside her nest with a set of specific actions. Even when the egg is removed, the goose will continue to push at the air with her beak until she completes the FAP (fixed action pattern The graylag goose responds to an egg outside her nest with a set of specific actions. Even when the egg is removed, the goose will continue to push at the air with her beak until she completes the FAP (fixed action pattern

learning: a change in an animal's behavior resulting from experiencelearning: a change in an animal's behavior resulting from experience habituation: type of learning in which an animal stops responding to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no important informationhabituation: type of learning in which an animal stops responding to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no important information ex: ticking of a clock imprinting: learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal's life and that is usually irreversibleimprinting: learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal's life and that is usually irreversible critical learning period : time period in which imprinting takes place

Lorenz: greylag goose experiment Groups Groups control: mother rears young in nest experimental: Lorenz rears young in incubator result: Control group: normal imprinting, followed mother, had normal goose relationships Experimental group: imprinted on Lorenz, followed him, prefered human relationships to geese

Classical Conditioning: learning that a particular stimulus or a particular response is linked to a reward or punishmentClassical Conditioning: learning that a particular stimulus or a particular response is linked to a reward or punishment Ex: Pavlov’s dogs Ex: Pavlov’s dogs operant conditioning: trial and error learning Insight: the ability to respond appropriately to a new situation without previous experienceInsight: the ability to respond appropriately to a new situation without previous experience

Social Behaviors Competitive Behaviors (pack animals)Competitive Behaviors (pack animals) aggressive behavior: symbolic threat display or a physical struggle between individuals of the same species dominance : ranking of individuals in a group based on aggressive behavior territorial behavior: behavior that protects territorial rights ex: chatting squirrels ex: chatting squirrels marking areas with urine

Social Behaviors courtship ritual: elaborate behavior of individuals of the same species before matingcourtship ritual: elaborate behavior of individuals of the same species before mating ex: fanning of tail feathers by a peacock may indicate good health ex: fanning of tail feathers by a peacock may indicate good health courtship video courtship video

Social Behaviors communication: signals among animals that include sounds, odors, visual displays, and touchescommunication: signals among animals that include sounds, odors, visual displays, and touches Von Frisch and later researchers determined that the angle of a returning honeybee's "waggle dance" signals the direction of the food source from the hive compared to the position of the sun

Measurement System International (SI)System International (SI) - standardized system of measurement - based on the number 10 - France, late 1700’s

SI Prefixes PrefixSymbolFactorNumber kilok hectoh decada decid centic millim

Study for the test!! “Eventually we will have to exchange our feet for meters”