Chapter 5 Lesson 13 The Civil War

The Civil War The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate soldiers attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. military post at Charleston, South Carolina. The fort surrendered the next day, and the U.S. troops that were stationed there left. Union troops tried to retake the fort, but they were not successful.

The Civil War Fort Sumter

The Civil War In spite of the early defeat at Fort Sumter, the North had many advantages over the South in terms of fighting a war. North’s population was larger North had twice the number of men eligible for service North’s economy was stronger North’s troops were better equipped

The Civil War North Government spending stimulated the economy and led to growth Better equipped Northerners believed that they would be able to defeat the South in only a few months South Economy suffered during the war Confederate government could not raise enough money to finance the war Shortage of basic supplies led to hardships for troops and civilians

Early Battles At first the Civil War went well for the South under talented commanders: General Robert E. Lee General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson

Early Battles The first major battle of the war, the First Battle of Bull Run, was fought in July 1861 in northern Virginia. It ended with the retreat of the Union forces.

Early Battles Under General George B. McClellan, the North began a campaign to capture Richmond, Virginia, in the winter of 1861. A number of battles led to the retreat of McClellan’s forces in July 1862. Richmond remained under the control of the Confederates. The South won another victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run, in late August 1862.

Early Battles In September 1862, southern troops under General Lee, with support from Jackson’s forces, invaded Maryland. McClellan’s forces met the Confederate army at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg.

The Battle of Antietam Bloodiest single day of the war 12,410 Union troops were killed 13,724 Confederate troops were killed Lee’s forces retreated to Virginia

Early Battles The North suffered two more defeats in the winter and spring of 1862-1863. Battle of Fredericksburg (Virginia) 13,000 Northern and 5,000 Southern troops were killed, wounded, missing, or captured

Early Battles Battle of Chancellorsville Southern forces forced the Union army, under General Joseph Hooker, to retreat. The South suffered a devastating loss when Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his own men and did from pneumonia one week later General Joseph Hooker

The Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) From July 1 to 3, 1863, 90,000 Union troops under General George B. Meade battled 75,000 Confederate troops under General Lee Armies fought fiercely with ground troops and artillery General George B. Meade

The Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Confederate army was never able to break the Union’s defensive positions Lee ordered 15,000 troops under General James Longstreet to march straight for Union lines along Cemetery Ridge and was a disaster for the southern troops Less than half of the soldiers involved in the attack made it back to their Confederate positions Lee retreated and the Confederate army never recovered General James Longstreet

The Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) The Battle of Gettysburg marked a turning point in favor of the North.

The War in the West West of the Appalachian mountains, southern forces had less success against the North. In February 1862, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant captured two key Confederate army posts in Western Tennessee. General Ulysses S. Grant

The War in the West Gunboats and ground troops captured Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River. These victories gave the North control of Kentucky and half of Tennessee.

The War in the West In 1863, Grant began an assault on Vicksburg, Mississippi. (This city guarded an important location between the Memphis and New Orleans) After several months of attacks, Grant’s forces began a siege, the surrounding of a fort or city during war in an attempt to capture it, of the city in May Confederates surrendered Vicksburg on July 4.

The War in the West On July 8, Union forces captured Port Hudson, Louisiana. A year earlier in May 1862, naval captain David G. Farragut had captured New Orleans North now controlled the entire Mississippi River. The Confederacy was divided in two. Naval Captain David G. Farragut

The Battle of Chattanooga In the fall of 1863, the north occupied Chattanooga, TN. Southern forces began an assault near the city in September. Blocked roads leading to the city and Mississippi River Union army had no way to get supplies and was in danger of starving Grant led his army to Chattanooga to help

The Battle of Chattanooga Fought from November 23-25 Drove Confederate forces from their positions around the city The North now had a base from which to launch attacks into Georgia and Alabama

The War in the West The South and its military were in poor shape. The North was becoming confident that it would win the war.

Grant Versus Lee In March 1864, President Lincoln named Grant head of all union armies. 2 months later, Grant faced Lee in the first of 3 devastating battles near Richmond, Virginia. President Abraham Lincoln

Grant Versus Lee Due to heavy losses on both sides there were no clear winners in the following battles: Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Battle of Cold Harbor In June, Grant laid a siege to Petersburg, Virginia, an important Confederate railroad center, by digging trenches around the city. The siege lasted about 9 months.

The Final Campaigns Grant ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to march from Chattanooga to Georgia to capture Atlanta. Sherman set out in May 1864 with a force of over 110,000 men, battling southern forces on the way. He captured Atlanta on September 2 General William Tecumseh Sherman

The Final Campaigns In the fall of 1864, southern forces tried to recapture Nashville, TN Union army crushed the Confederates on November 30 in the Battle of Franklin and then again 2 weeks later in the Battle of Nashville

The Final Campaigns Sherman planned to deal a final blow to the South, from which it would not be able to recover. After setting fire to Atlanta, he set on November 15 for a march of destruction across Georgia They looted, burned, and destroyed homes, farms, and fields. On December 21, Sherman captured Savannah, then marched into South Carolina Charleston surrendered and was left unharmed, but the state capitol, Columbia, was burned

The End of the War In April 1865, Grant captured the railroads that supplied Richmond. Lee moved west in hopes of fighting Grant in N.C. with the help of additional troops that were already there. Grant caught up with him and blocked his retreat. Lee knew he was defeated.

The End of the War On April 9, 1865, Grant and Lee met in the village at Appomattox Court House, Virginia and agreed to terms of a surrender. In the following weeks, other southern generals, in N.C., AL, and MS, surrendered. On June 2, the Civil War ended.

The End of the War Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House

Other Civil War Leaders Many people who did not fight in the war directly played an important part.

Other Civil War Leaders Frederick Douglass Former slave Helped convince African Americans to fight in the Union army

Other Civil War Leaders Clara Barton Nurse who cared for wounded troops Called the Angel of the Battlefield because of her tireless and brave work in the midst of the fighting. Served in superintendent of nurses in the Union army division. After the war ended, she founded an organization to find missing troops Founded the American Red Cross in 1881

Effects of War The Civil War was the most destructive war in American history. Number of dead and injured was over 600,000. Almost 260,000 southerners were killed or injured About 360,000 northerners were killed or injured

Effects of War South suffered far more damage than the North Most battles were fought in the South Atlanta, Columbia, and Richmond were burned almost down to the ground Railroads, bridges, and roads were destroyed

Effects of War Confederate soldiers had a long hard journey home Many were starving, and sick or injured When they reached their homes, they often found them in ruins Also found that their families were starving, too Union soldiers returned to a mostly unharmed North

Effects of War Most southerners, even those who had been wealthy, were now poor. Plantation owners didn’t have the money or the workers to plant new crops Enslaved people had been set free. Many went North, but those that stayed could charge for their services or work land themselves. Many plantation owners could not afford to hire help. Their easy way of life was over. Small farmers struggled even more.

1. Why did many northerners think they could defeat the South in only a few months? The armies of the North were more experienced The generals of the South were less skilled The North had more supplies, money, and resources European countries promised to send troops to help the North

1. Why did many northerners think they could defeat the South in only a few months? C. The North had more supplies, money, and resources

2. Who was the northern general who succeeded in defeating the South? Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant George B. McClellan Jefferson Davis

2. Who was the northern general who succeeded in defeating the South? B. Ulysses S. Grant

3. In the fall of 1864, the South tried to recapture Tennessee 3. In the fall of 1864, the South tried to recapture Tennessee. Which two battles kept them from succeeding? The Battle of Franklin and the Battle of Nashville The Battle of Vicksburg and the Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Antietam The Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Fredericksburg

3. In the fall of 1864, the South tried to recapture Tennessee 3. In the fall of 1864, the South tried to recapture Tennessee. Which two battles kept them from succeeding? A. The Battle of Franklin and the Battle of Nashville